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. 2022 Dec 2;186(1):112–130.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.030

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© 2022 The Authors

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Figure S4 — SARS-CoV-2 promotes highly extended and branched microvilli, related to Figure 4

(A and B) SARS-CoV-2 infection induces dome-like structure and highly branched and overly long microvilli. (A) SARS-CoV-2-infected HNEs (Donor 3–6, see Table S1) with MOI of 0.3 were fixed after 48 hpi. The cells were observed by TEM. Arrowhead: virus particles. (B) mock-treated and SARS-CoV-2-infected HNEs (Donor 3–6, see Table S1) with MOI of 0.3 were fixed after 24 hpi. The cells were observed by TEM. Red dotted line represents extended microvilli and dome-like structure.

(C) SARS-CoV-2 viral particles bind to the motile cilia at 6 hpi rather than microvilli. SARS-CoV-2-infected HNEs with MOI of 0.3 were stained after 6 (upper image) and 24 (down image) hpi. Representative IF images of SARS-CoV-2 SP in combination with ACTUB and phalloidin in SARS-CoV-2-infected HNEs from Donor 1. Similar results were observed from Donor 2–4, see Table S1.

(D) ACE2 and TMPRSS2 mainly localize in cilia rather than microvilli. Representative IF images of ACE2 (top panel) and TMPRSS2 (lower panel) in combination with ACTUB and phalloidin in normal human nasal tissue (left panel) and ALI-cultured HNEs (right panel). Scale bars represent 5 μm (D) and 10 μm (C).