Table 2.

Summary of photobioreactors (PBR) and operating parameters for biomass culture in urine.

PBR types	Parameters of PBR	Illumination		Aeration	Light intensity	T (°C)	Refs
		Source	Switch
Column PBR	n.a.b	Red (620 nm) LED	n.a.	1% CO2	300 μmol m−2 s−1	30	Yang et al. (2008)
	1.2 L (60 cm height, 7.2 cm diameter)	Concentric fluorescent lamp	14 h:10 h	CO2: 3 L min−1	444.4 W m−2a	30	Chang et al. (2013)
Flat/panel PBR	Flat panel with a vertical baffle (as shown by the right reactor): 0.925 L, 420 × 225 (mm)	High-pressure sodium lamps	n.a.	CO2: 5% v/v, 1, 0.76, 0.67 L L−1 min−1	490–1,550 × 2 μmol m−2 s−1	35/38	Tuantet et al. (2014)
	0.92 ± 0.12 L	High-pressure sodium lamps	n.a.	CO2: 8%–20%	n.a.	38	Tuantet (2015)
	0.90 L	High-pressure sodium lamps	12 h:12 h	CO2: 8%–20% v/v	1,530 μmol m−2 s−1	38	Tuantet et al. (2019)
Membrane PBR	Two PBRs with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 600 mm, 4 L each. A hollow fiber membrane (MF) module (width × height = 95 mm × 320 mm, working surface area of 0.05 m2).	n.a.	24 h: 24 h	CO2 gas/air mixture at 2 L min−1 with 2.5% (v/v) of CO2.	3,000 lux	n.a.	Nguyen et al. (2021)

^a1 W m⁻² = 4.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹.

^bn.a. represents “not available.”