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. 2022 Dec 1;5:1318. doi: 10.1038/s42003-022-04282-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Full wing shape can be virtually reconstructed according to dorsal and ventral segmentation. a, b Wing grids can then be generated after c Defining the tail regions. In the left panel, the red boundary represents the reconstructed rough shape of a hindwing based on the top five harmonics after being projected into the frequency domain by elliptical Fourier analysis. b Universal wing grids can accommodate distorted or broken wings (e.g., IV & VIII). I. Smerinthus cerisyi (Sphingidae); II. Catocala connubialis (Erebidae); III. Evenus coronata (Lycaenidae); IV. Heliconius melpomene (Nymphalidae); V. Allancastria cerisyi (Papilionidae); VI. Atrophaneura hector (Papilionidae); VII. Kallima inachus (Nymphalidae); VIII. Corades medeba (Nymphalidae).