. 2022 Dec 1;12:20739. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24777-3

Table 2.

Volatile fatty acid production during in vitro rumen fermentation incubated at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h.

Parameters	Time (h)	Treatment^e				SEM	P-value
Parameters	Time (h)	CON	BC_0.3%	BC_0.5%	BC_0.9%	SEM	All	Linear
Acetate (mmol/l)	3	100.13	94.81	93.41	90.36	2.505	0.265	0.237
	6	100.03	100.31	99.79	100.39	0.592	0.901	0.775
	12	102.52^b	104.34^b	103.36^b	107.76^a	0.291	0.001	0.412
	24	103.71^c,y	112.05^ab,xy	117.27^a,x	108.47^bc	2.182	0.018	0.009
Propionate (mmol/l)	3	27.44	26.51	24.02	25.59	1.395	0.598	0.280
	6	27.81^b	28.67^a	27.66^b	28.37^a	0.085	0.001	0.421
	12	32.19	32.65	30.59	33.85	0.756	0.227	0.350
	24	35.24^b,y	40.32^a,xy	42.31^a,x	38.09^ab	1.203	0.045	0.020
Butyrate (mmol/l)	3	17.60	20.15	19.60	19.42	0.501	0.088	0.098
	6	22.23^a,x	22.78^a,x	20.95^b,y	22.81^a	0.276	0.009	0.006
	12	27.46^b,y	40.52^a,x	39.69^a,x	40.08^a	1.660	0.007	< 0.001
	24	53.85	54.58	56.43	54.94	0.783	0.327	0.125
Total VFA (mmol/l)	3	145.16	141.47	137.02	135.37	3.381	0.430	0.285
	6	150.07	151.76	148.40	151.57	0.803	0.077	0.196
	12	162.18^b,y	177.51^a,x	173.63^a,x	181.69^a	2.424	0.005	0.005
	24	192.80^c,y	206.95^ab,xy	216.01^a,x	201.51^bc	3.447	0.013	0.008
A:P ratio	3	3.74	3.57	3.89	3.53	0.134	0.618	0.670
	6	3.60^ab	3.50^c	3.61^a	3.54^bc	0.018	0.014	0.719
	12	3.19	3.20	3.41	3.18	0.084	0.465	0.266
	24	2.94	2.78	2.78	2.85	0.069	0.434	0.178

SEM, standard error of the mean.

^eCON (no buffer added); BC_0.3% (0.3% buffer); BC_0.5% (0.5% buffer); BC_0.9% (0.9% buffer).^a–c Means with different superscripts in a row differ significantly (P < 0.05);^x,y Means within a row indicate linear effect among CON, BC_0.3%, and BC_0.5% (P < 0.05).