Table 1.
Overview of cross‐sectional and longitudinal samples
| Cross‐sectional sample (N = 600) | Longitudinal sample (N = 75) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 54 (14) | 58 (12) |
| Sex, N (%) | ||
| Female | 270 (45) | 35 (47) |
| Male | 330 (55) | 40 (53) |
| Race, N (%) | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 17 (3) | 1 (1) |
| Asian | 39 (7) | 1 (1) |
| Black or African American | 115 (19) | 32 (43) |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (<1) | 0 (0) |
| White | 401 (67) | 38 (51) |
| Some other race | 20 (3) | 0 (0) |
| More than one race | 7 (1) | 0 (0) |
| Unknown or not reported | 0 (0) | 3 (4) |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | ||
| Hispanic or Latino | 171 (29) | 2 (3) |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 429 (72) | 73 (97) |
| Region of enrolment, N (%) | ||
| Midwest | — | 14 (19) |
| North‐east | — | 8 (11) |
| Pacific | — | 15 (20) |
| South | — | 38 (51) |
| Education level, N (%) | ||
| Did not complete high school | 4 (0.7) | 9 (12) |
| High school diploma or equivalent | 73 (12) | 23 (31) |
| Some college | 154 (26) | 21 (28) |
| Graduated college or higher | 369 (61.5) | 22 (29) |
| Categories, N (%) | ||
| New diagnosis or first hospitalization | — | 11 (15) |
| Cardiac rehabilitation | — | 5 (7) |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | — | 5 (7) |
| Left ventricular assist device | — | 11 (15) |
| Hospitalization primarily for HF | — | 43 (57) |
| Clinical characteristics, N (%) | ||
| Diabetes | 80 (13) | 28 (37) |
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 40 (7) | 15 (20) |
| Depression | 59 (10) | 13 (17) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 16 (3) | 27 (36) |
| NYHA class a | ||
| Class I | 60 (10) | 4 (5) |
| Class II | 248 (41) | 14 (19) |
| Class III | 245 (41) | 27 (36) |
| Class IV | 47 (8) | 6 (8) |
| Not available | — | 24 (32) |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction <50% | — | 54 (72) |
HF, heart failure; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SD, standard deviation.
Adapted from Ahmad et al., with permissions from Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. Copyright 2019, American Heart Association.
a
NYHA class was measured via self‐report in the cross‐sectional sample and via chart review in the longitudinal sample.