Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Total (n = 142) | HFpEF (n = 84) | Systolic HF (n = 58) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD* | 67 ± 10 | 68 ± 9 | 64 ± 11 | 0.02 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 50 (35) | 34 (40) | 16 (28) | 0.1 |
| Persistent AF, n (%) | 89 (63) | 52 (62) | 37 (64) | 0.82 |
| History of AF, (months), median (IQR) | 9 (4, 35) | 9 (4, 38) | 7 (4, 23) | 0.22 |
| NYHA class, mean ± SD | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 0.15 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 24 ± 4 | 25 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | 0.1 |
| Pacemaker, n (%) | 10 (7) | 6 (7) | 4 (7) | 0.95 |
| ICD/CRT, n (%)* | 14 (10) | 0 | 14 (24) | <0.0001 |
| SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD* | 124 ± 21 | 129 ± 22 | 117 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| HR (/min), mean ± SD | 75 ± 19 | 73 ± 20 | 77 ± 18 | 0.11 |
| History of HFH, n (%) | 96 (68) | 58 (69) | 38 (66) | 0.66 |
| CTR, mean ± SD | 51 ± 5 | 52 ± 5 | 51 ± 5 | 0.4 |
| CHADS2, mean ± SD | 2 ± 1.2 | 2 ± 1.2 | 2 ± 1.2 | 0.56 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc, mean ± SD | 3 ± 1.7 | 3 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 0.31 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 55 (39) | 37 (44) | 18 (31) | 0.11 |
| DM, n (%)* | 27 (19) | 11 (13) | 16 (28) | 0.03 |
| Aetiology of SHD | ||||
| CAD, n (%)* | 14 (10) | 4 (5) | 10 (17) | 0.01 |
| HCM, n (%) | 7 (5) | 5 (6) | 2 (3) | 0.49 |
| VHD, n (%) | 6 (4) | 4 (5) | 2 (3) | 0.7 |
| Ablation‐related parameters | ||||
| Radiofrequency‐PVI, n (%) | 124 (87) | 74 (88) | 50 (86) | 0.74 |
| Cryo‐PVI, n (%) | 18 (13) | 10 (12) | 8 (14) | 0.74 |
| CTI‐ablation, n (%) | 37 (26) | 22 (26) | 15 (26) | 0.9 |
| Posterior wall isolation, n (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | >0.99 |
| SVC isolation, n (%) | 65 (46) | 39 (46) | 26 (45) | 0.89 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LVDd (mm), mean ± SD* | 51 ± 7 | 48 ± 5 | 56 ± 7 | <0.0001 |
| LVEF (%), mean ± SD* | 51 ± 15 | 62 ± 9 | 37 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| LAD (mm), mean ± SD | 44 ± 7 | 44 ± 6 | 44 ± 8 | 0.67 |
| LAVI (mL/m2), mean ± SD | 57 ± 18 | 55 ± 17 | 60 ± 19 | 0.11 |
| Mitral E/e′ ratio, mean ± SD | 11 ± 5 | 11 ± 4 | 12 ± 5 | 0.32 |
| Therapeutic agents | ||||
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 103 (73) | 56 (67) | 47 (81) | 0.06 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%)* | 122 (86) | 67 (80) | 55 (95) | 0.01 |
| MRA, n (%) | 46 (32) | 23 (27) | 23 (40) | 0.12 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 86 (61) | 51 (61) | 35 (60) | 0.96 |
| AADs, n (%) | 30 (21) | 11 (13) | 19 (33) | 0.004 |
| Amiodarone, n (%)* | 18 (13) | 1 (1) | 17 (29) | <0.0001 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 55 ± 20 | 57 ± 22 | 52 ± 18 | 0.11 |
| BNP level (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 168 (96, 335) | 158 (87, 238) | 184 (104, 399) | 0.11 |
AADs, anti‐arrhythmic drugs; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; CTI, cavotricuspid isthmus; CTR, cardiothoracic ratio; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HF, heart failure; HFH, heart failure hospitalization; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HR, heart rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; IQR, interquartile range; LAD, left atrial diameter; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVDd, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NYHA, New York Heart association; PVI, pulmonary vein isolation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; SHD, structural heart disease; SVC, superior vena cava; VHD, valvular heart disease.
Numerical data are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range [IQR]; first quartile, third quartile). Categorical data were expressed as percentages and numbers.
Statistical significance (P < 0.05).