Table 2.

Summary of synthesis, degradation pathway, biocompatibility and personal care application of Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs) and Sucrose Esters (SEs)

Category	Bio-based Surfactant		Key Studies
	Alkyl Polyglucosides (APGs)	Sucrose Esters (SEs)
Synthesis	Indirect or Direct Fischer Glycosidation	Esterification of Triglycerides or Transesterification of FAME	APGs: [15, 32, 34] SEs: [41, 42, 44]
Degradation Pathway	Multi-step: 1.Hydrolysis to form alcohol and polysaccharides 2a. Oxidation of alcohol 2b. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides	Oxidation of alkyl chain or Hydrolysis of the ester bond	APGs: [63] SEs: [100]
Biocompatibility	Acceptable safety profile (non-toxic, non-irritating and non-skin sensitizing) – but caution must be taken when formulating with APGs of certain alkyl chain lengths	Acceptable safety profile with exception of the medium chain esters	APGs: [34, 35, 56] SEs: [36, 37]
Personal Care Applications	Cleansing Agent Emulsifiers Foaming Enhancers and Stabilizers Rheology Modifiers	Cleansing Agent Emulsifiers	APGs: [34, 63, 101, 102] SEs: [37, 71]