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. 2022 Dec 1;15:4. doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00974-7

Table 2.

Summary of representative waste-derived OER electrocatalysts

Waste Catalyst Electrolyte η10 (mV) Tafel slope
(mV dec−1)		 Refs
Lignocellulosic biowastes N, P co-doped biochar 0.1 M KOH 347 28.8 [139]
Polymer waste N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 497 – [137]

1.0 M

HClO4

 268 – [137]
Plant residues N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 450 – [204]
Cedar tree cones N-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 106 191 [205]
Plant leaves N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 340 (η5) 191 [138]
Corn stalks Fe, N co-doped carbon nanosheets 0.1 M KOH 309 127 [141]
Cornstalks Co, Fe, B, N co-doped biochar 1.0 M KOH 383 100.92 [140]
Waste printed circuit boards FeNiCuSnB 1.0 M KOH 199 53.98 [45]
Spent Li-ion batteries Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2(OH)2 1.0 M KOH 280 6.79 [157]
Stainless steel waste meshes Anodized stainless steel 1.0 M KOH 280 63 [144]
Spent capacitors FeNi hydroxides 1.0 M KOH 303 (η20) 80 [156]
Spent Li-ion batteries Lithium cobaltate 1.0 M KOH 550 128 [148]
Waste steel alloy Steel alloy 1.0 M KOH 387 64 [143]
Waste Cu cable wires NiFe LDHa/Cu(OH)2/Cu 1.0 M KOH 275 (η20) 83 [78]
Spent Li-ion batteries NiCoMnB 1.0 M KOH 263 57.98 [150]
Waste steel Fe sheets 1.0 M KOH 439 60 [206]
Spent Li-ion batteries MnCo2O4 1.0 M KOH 400 80 [146]
Spent Zn − C batteries Mn3O4 0.1 M KOH 360 64 [207]
Spent Li-ion batteries De-lithiated Li0.4Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 1.0 M KOH 236 66 [149]
Spent Li-ion batteries Ni-incorporated LiFePO4 1.0 M KOH 285 45 [76]
Rusty stainless steel Activated stainless steel plate 1.0 M KOH 260 32 [145]
Spent Li-ion batteries LiCoOx 0.1 M KOH 420 (η9.68) 67.41 [147]
Spent Li-ion batteries CoOOH nanosheets 1.0 M KOH 301 53.8 [79]
Sludge waste ZnS/N, S co-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 390 117 [166]
Spent catalysts Ni/CNTs/Al2O3 1.0 M KOH 370 119 [160]
Biowaste Co/N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 390 72 [159]
Spent adsorbents NiCuFeB/C 1.0 M KOH 251 71.75 [90]
Cotton fabric Fe3O4/NiS@C 1.0 M KOH 310 82 [74]
Food waste FeOx/nanocarbon 0.1 M KOH  ~ 400 41 [162]
Peanut shells FeNi alloy/N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 380 115 [161]
Cocoons FeCoNi alloy/B, N co-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 321 42 [158]
Diaper waste NiO/C 1.0 M KOH 280 62 [208]
Spent Li-ion batteries NiMnCo-activated carbon 1.0 M KOH 350 - [165]
Waste paper NiCo phosphate/C 1.0 M KOH 351 94.44 [75]
Onion peels Fe3C@N-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 330 52 [209]
Banana peels Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ/N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 350 65 [210]
Mangosteen skin NiFe-borate LDH/N-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 243 42.7 [93]
Milk powder NiFeOx/N, P co-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 320 59.03 [163]
Millet Co5.47 N/N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 390 110 [211]
Polyphenylene sulfide Fe, N, S co-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 339 85.9 [169]
Red blood cells CoS1.097/C 1.0 M KOH 260 83 [167]
Blood powder Co3O4/C 0.1 M KOH 380 47 [164]
Spent Li-ion batteries Co3O4/C 1.0 M KOH 245 53 [212]
Human hair NiO/C 1.0 M KOH 320 49 [213]
Sludge NiFe phosphide/heteroatom-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 280 56 [214]

a LDH: Layered double hydroxides