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. 2022 Dec 1;15:4. doi: 10.1007/s40820-022-00974-7

Table 3.

Summary of representative waste-derived electrocatalysts for OWE

Waste Catalyst Electrolyte E10a (V) Durability Refs
Camellia flower S-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.76 24 h @ ~ 20 mA cm−2 [174]
Corn stalks Few-layer N-doped porous carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.60 – [173]
Rose flower Ni-doped graphitic carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.64 24 h @ 1.64 V [176]
Textile sludge Fe, N co-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.70 14 h @ 1.7 V [177]
Battery industrial wastewater NiCoMn LTHs Alkaline wastewaterb 1.58 24 h @ 1.6 V [39]
Spent Li-ion batteries Ni/Ni-Mn-Co–O 1.0 M KOH 1.62 25 h @ 1.58 – 1.66 V [178]
Scrap copper wires NiCoP/Cu 1.0 M KOH 1.59 24 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [77]
Cornstalks β-Mo2C/C 1.0 M KOH 1.65 30 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [215]
Cotton fibers Co/carbon tubes 1.0 M KOH 1.40 110 h @ 1.4 V [179]
Miscanthus stems Co/C 1.0 M KOH 1.45 120 h @ 50 mA cm−2 [47]
Duckweed NiFe-alloy/N, S-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.61 200 h @ 2 V [181]
Alfalfa NiFe/N, P, S co-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.60 50 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [182]
Grapefruit peels NiFe-alloy/ N-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.63 – [180]
Magnolia leaves CoP/C 1.0 M KOH 1.56 24 h @ 1.59 V [216]
Polysaccharide chitin Co2P/N, P co-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.65 10 h @ ~ 20 mA cm−2 [190]
Ginkgo leaves Co2P@CoP/C 1.0 M KOH 1.63 1000 min @ 10 mA cm−2 [189]
Cauliflower leaves Ni/NiO/N-doped carbon 0.1 M KOH 1.688 20 h @ 10—30 mA cm−2 [188]
Amaranth Fe, N co-doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.53 30 h @ 1.53 V [183]
Lotus leaves Co/MoO2@N doped carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.629 48 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [186]
Holly leaves Co-CoO/C 1.0 M KOH 1.77 – [187]
Chicken feathers Ni-Co oxides/C 1.0 M KOH 1.53 200 h @ 1.7 V [185]
Willow catkins Co3O4/N-doped hollow carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.74 20 h @ 1.74 V [184]
Waste yeast Cu8S5 decorated N, S co-doped porous carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.64 14 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [191]
Tissue paper Co9S8@Co–N/C nanorods 1.0 M KOH 1.61 70 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [192]
Catkin MoS2@NiOOH@C 1.0 M KOH 1.62 40 h @ 1.62 V [194]
Willow catkins NiFe LDH/(NiFe)Sx/hollow carbon 1.0 M KOH 1.53 100 h @ 10 mA cm−2 [48]
Spent Li-ion batteries CoN/graphene 1.0 M KOH 1.61 40 h @ 1.68 V [195]

aE10: Applied voltage at the current density of 10 mA cm−2

bAlkaline wastewater: Wastewater with 1 M KOH