Table 2.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of madecassoside after oral administration of 20 mg/kg Centell-S, 20 mg/kg Centell-S + 20 mg/kg piperine, 20 mg/kg Centell-S + 20 mg/kg curcumin, and 20 mg/kg Centell-S + 20 mg/kg piperine + 20 mg/kg curcumin as repeated doses.
| Pharmacokinetic parameters | Experimental groups | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTS 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 1 |
CTS 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 7 |
CTS + Pip 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 1 |
CTS + Pip 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 7 |
CTS + Cur 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 1 |
CTS + Cur 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 7 |
CTS + Pip + Cur 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 1 |
CTS + Pip + Cur 20 mg/kg p.o. Day 7 |
|
| (a) Parent compounds (Madecassoside) | ||||||||
| Cmaxa (µg/L) | 503.77 ± 120.71 | 681.33 ± 135.60 | 875.95 ± 101.63* | 818.83 ± 222.25 | 492.75 ± 98.94 | 573.08 ± 158.92 | 693.35 ± 86.05 | 759.83 ± 324.56 |
| Tmaxb (h) | 2.00 (0.00) | 1.50 (1.00) | 2.00 (0.25) | 3.00 (2.00) | 2.00 (0.50) | 3.00 (2.00) | 1.50 (1.00) | 1.00 (0.63) |
| AUC0–24a (µg h/L) | 3798 ± 837 | 4734 ± 347 | 4958 ± 229* | 4891 ± 1080 | 3173 ± 543 | 3771 ± 322 | 3963 ± 363 | 4647 ± 757 |
| AUC0–infa (µg h/L) | 4300 ± 727 | 5044 ± 214 | 5367 ± 420* | 5164 ± 1215 | 3766 ± 1533 | 3903 ± 190 | 4480 ± 557 | 4970 ± 613 |
| Rate of bioavailability (1/h) | 1.07 ± 0.41 | 2.31 ± 1.46 | 1.39 ± 1.19 | 0.83 ± 0.61 | 1.92 ± 1.09 | 1.17 ± 0.55 | 1.49 ± 0.88 | 1.55 ± 1.07 |
| MRTa (h) | 23.57 ± 7.56 | 25.10 ± 12.02 | 21.23 ± 6.19 | 10.60 ± 4.94 | 20.83 ± 17.41 | 6.77 ± 3.85 | 14.80 ± 3.31 | 11.50 ± 3.72 |
| Vda (L/kg) | 44.05 ± 14.84 | 45.10 ± 25.26 | 25.40 ± 5.97 | 18.88 ± 3.60 | 23.90 ± 8.49 | 23.93 ± 2.55 | 19.80 ± 5.96 | 17.10 ± 7.81 |
| CLa (L/h/kg) | 1.94 ± 0.59 | 1.13 ± 0.80 | 1.59 ± 0.28 | 1.85 ± 0.42 | 1.98 ± 0.53 | 2.03 ± 0.68 | 2.08 ± 0.27 | 1.88 ± 0.26 |
| Half-lifeb (h) | 13.33 (5.94) | 11.61 (6.87) | 8.45 (2.63) | 6.46 (2.99) | 7.27 (0.20) | 7.18 (0.63) | 5.30 (2.22) | 5.27 (1.70) |
aData are expressed as mean ± SD; bData are expressed as median (IQR); *p < 0.05 for significant differences from the CTS group. Cmax maximum plasma concentration, Tmax time to reach Cmax, AUC0–24 area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0–24 h, AUC0–inf area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0–infinity, MRT mean resident time, Vd volume of distribution, CL clearance, CTS Centell-S, Pip piperine, Cur curcumin.