TABLE 2.

Vitamin D deficiency by geographical area and 25-hydroxyvitamin D cut-offs, updated from Bouillon (24).

	Geographical area	Prevalence, %
		Cut-off of <25 or <30 nmol/L	Cut-off of <50 nmol/L
Hilger et al. (30)	Global	7%	37%
Herrick et al. (31)	USA	5%	18%
Cashman et al. (32)	EU countries (adults)	13%	40%
Arabi et al. (33)	Iran and Jordan	50%	90%
Durazo-Arvizu et al. (34)	Ghana and Seychelles	<1%	<7%
Mogire et al. (35)	African continent	18%	34%
Liu et al. (36)	Mainland China	20.7% (Adults) 23.0% (Adolescents)	63.2% (Adults) 46.8% (Adolescents)
This study	Malaysia	21%	64%

Cut-offs refer to serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D used to define vitamin D deficiency.