Table 3.

Dietary intake before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nutrient	Before pandemic		During pandemic		p-value for time	p-value for sex
	Males	Females	Males	Females
Energy (kcal)	2803 ± 654	2156 ± 576	2990 ± 736	1952 ± 472	1	0.001*
Carbohydrate (g)	350 ± 91	292 ± 94.6	359.6 ± 98	257 ± 77	0.715	0.002*
Fiber (g)	43 ± 11	39 ± 20	40 ± 9	32 ± 15	0.028*	0.022*
Protein (g)	131 ± 51	104 ± 31	131 ± 29	92 ± 23	0.273	< 0.001*
Fat (g)	105 ± 35	68 ± 22	110 ± 45	62 ± 17	0.273	< 0.001*
Saturated fat (g)	27.4 ± 8.0	18.1 ± 7.1	27.4 ± 7.9	16.4 ± 6.3	0.715	< 0.001*
Omega-3 (g)	3.4 ± 2.1	2.0 ± 0.8	2.9 ± 1.7	1.9 ± 0.9	0.011*	< 0.001*
Cholesterol (mg)	437 ± 225	283 ± 149	447 ± 253	283 ± 149	0.715	0.015*
Sugar (g)	149 ± 57	127 ± 60	148 ± 45	102 ± 35	0.465	0.003*
Vitamin A (IU)	5417 ± 4261	5996 ± 4581	3662 ± 764	3900 ± 3264	0.011*	0.86
Vitamin B1 (mg)	2.7 ± 1.2	2.6 ± 1.4	2.7 ± 1.3	2.3 ± 1.3	0.273	0.362
Vitamin B2 (mg)	3.8 ± 2.0	4.1 ± 2.2	4.1 ± 1.6	3.5 ± 1.8	0.715	0.517
Vitamin B3 (mg)	41 ± 17	35 ± 13	40 ± 13	30 ± 11	0.465	0.068
Vitamin B6 (mg)	4.35 ± 2.0	4.3 ± 2.1	4.2 ± 1.6	3.5 ± 1.8	0.144	0.402
Vitamin B12 (µg)	8.3 ± 6.0	9.3 ± 7.4	9.1 ± 5.6	7.3 ± 5.9	0.715	0.303
Vitamin C (mg)	268 ± 148	354 ± 296	220 ± 113	416 ± 424	0.028*	0.162
Vitamin D (IU)	601 ± 505	824 ± 584	637 ± 563	791 ± 582	0.715	0.427
Vitamin E mg)	48 ± 79	24 ± 12	26 ± 11	47 ± 120	0.715	0.228
Folate (µg)	704 ± 247	813 ± 401	711 ± 279	731 ± 416	0.011*	0.871
Vitamin K (µg)	371 ± 129	1042 ± 981	327 ± 179	652 ± 529	0.144	0.003*
Calcium (mg)	1539 ± 778	1815 ± 862	1793 ± 539	1511 ± 702	0.465	0.769
Iron (mg)	24 ± 7	33 ± 19	25 ± 9	30 ± 17	0.465	0.41
Potassium (mg)	5029 ± 1471	4736 ± 1864	4956 ± 962	3816 ± 1281	0.011*	0.019*
Sodium (mg)	3831 ± 1209	3283 ± 966	3695 ± 969	2890.1 ± 827	0.144	0.028*
Zinc (mg)	21 ± 16	18 ± 9	21 ± 9	14 ± 7	0.068	0.109
Alcohol (g)	3.2 ± 4.6	4.0 ± 5.5	17 ± 17	6.7 ± 9.8	0.011*	0.409
Caffeine (mg)	155 ± 127	302 ± 157	186 ± 11	260 ± 178	0.715	0.007*

Data are presented as mean ± SD.

*indicates p < 0.05