. 2022 Nov 18;9:1049910. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1049910

Table 1.

Free amino acid contents in the liver of embryos exposed to control or modified temperature during embryogenesis.

Amino acids	ED13			ED16			P value
	CT	TMH	TML	CT	TMH	TML	Age	TM	Interaction
Essential amino acids
Histidine	524 ± 138	167 ± 24	100 ± 21	822 ± 252	674 ± 218	735 ± 226	^**	NS	NS
Threonine	5,788 ± 1,507^b	1,663 ± 271^c	1,066 ± 118^c	9,656 ± 452^a	10,151 ± 680^a	9,604 ± 438^a	^****	^**	^**
Arginine	847 ± 172^a	178 ± 36^b	145 ± 18^b	956 ± 76^a	899 ± 86^a	1,270 ± 162^a	^****	^**	^***
Valine	918 ± 238^a	297 ± 40^b	261 ± 30^b	1,257 ± 75^a	1,319 ± 6^a	1,123 ± 44^a	^****	^**	^*
Isoleucine	425 ± 88^b	125 ± 17^c	118 ± 5^c	616 ± 31^a	605 ± 25^a	588 ± 37^ab	^****	^***	^**
Methionine	260 ± 59^b	79 ± 11^c	64 ± 10^c	469 ± 35^a	477 ± 14^a	452 ± 23^a	^****	^**	^**
Leucine	760 ± 173^b	223 ± 29^c	175 ± 22^c	1,484 ± 86^a	1,499 ± 43^a	1,431 ± 57^a	^****	^**	^**
Lysine	1,246 ± 180^b	293 ± 44^c	268 ± 36^c	2,879 ± 166^a	3,056 ± 201^a	3,046 ± 139^a	^****	^*	^***
Glycine	1,654 ± 366^b	558 ± 90^c	549 ± 64^c	2,743 ± 154^a	2,993 ± 142^a	3,129 ± 144^a	^****	NS	^**
Phenylalanine	494 ± 94^b	136 ± 17^c	99 ± 15^c	922 ± 52^a	892 ± 44^a	811 ± 33^a	^****	^****	^**
Non-essential amino acids
Aspartic acid	1,284 ± 322^a	456 ± 30^b	245 ± 35^b	1,700 ± 92^a	1,692 ± 13^a	1,934 ± 184^a	^****	^*	^**
Tyrosine	807 ± 218	222 ± 30	235 ± 30	887 ± 159	952 ± 173	731 ± 147	^***	^*	NS
Cystathionine	104 ± 31^b	23 ± 4^c	20 ± 5^c	169 ± 11^a	180 ± 15^a	126 ± 10^ab	^****	^**	^*
Glutamic acid	7,126 ± 1,667^a	2,005 ± 264^b	2,238 ± 258^b	7,318 ± 179^a	7,343 ± 547^a	6,920 ± 441^a	^****	^**	^**
Serine	2,764 ± 638^a	777 ± 137^b	563 ± 57^b	3,303 ± 118^a	3,890 ± 218^a	3,728 ± 253^a	^****	^*	^***
Ammonia	4,133 ± 1,085^b	1,286 ± 181^c	1,246 ± 92^c	7,684 ± 196^a	7,755 ± 218^a	8,262 ± 682^a	^****	^*	^*
Alanine	1,559 ± 399^b	426 ± 62^c	302 ± 43^c	2,397 ± 142^a	2,497 ± 74^a	2,385 ± 112^a	^****	^**	^**

The number of embryos used in each group was as n = 5–6. Different superscripts in the same row indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments. Values are means ± SEM in pmol/mg. CT, control treatment (37.6°C) during incubation; TMH, thermal manipulation with higher incubation temperature (39°C during ED 8–15 with daily 8-h treatment from 10:00 to 18:00) during incubation; TML, thermal manipulation with lower incubation temperature (20°C during ED 8–15 with daily 1-h treatment from 14:00 to 15:00) during incubation; ED, embryonic day.

P < 0.05.

^**

P < 0.01.

^***

P < 0.001.

^****

P < 0.0001.

NS, not significant.