Table 2.

Indications for the implementation of elective intraoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during robot-assisted coronary artery bypass

Indication	n	%
Chronic lung disease or inability to tolerate single lung vent	17	38
Critical coronary anatomy	16	36
Preoperative cardiogenic shock or low ejection fraction	17	38
Inadequate exposure of the internal thoracic artery∗	24	53
Postinduction hemodynamic instability/arrhythmia	3	7

^∗Reasons for inadequate exposure included adhesions from previous chest radiation or sternotomy, cardiomegaly, elevated hemidiaphragm, and obesity.