Table 1.
Quantitative comparison of the ACL and bone features in porcine and human knees.
| Porcine | Human | N | P | Acquisition method | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ±sd | Range | Mean ±sd | Range | Study | ||||
| Length (mm) | 26.1 ± 3.5 | 21.0–35.9 | 29.4 ± 4.7 | 22.2–36.5 | Hashemi et al. (16) | 15 | 0.032 | Calipers |
| CSA (mm2) | 67.4 ± 10.4 | 44.7–87.2 | 38.7 ± 7.7 | 20.3–51.5 | Siebold et al. (17) | 20 | 0 | Digital camera and calipers |
| Long axis (mm) | 12.8 ± 1.9 | 10.2–18.1 | 9.9 ± 1.5 | 7.0–12.7 | 0 | |||
| Short axis (mm) | 7.5 ± 1.0 | 5.4–9.2 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 2.8–4.9 | 0 | |||
| F-total (mm2) | 227.7 ± 22.4 | 188.1–258.4 | 142.2 ± 24.4 | 110.5–188.8 | Mochizuki et al. (18) | 24 | 0 | Digital photograph |
| F-direct (mm2) | 138.7 ± 24.9 | 92.92–177.56 | 91.4 ± 23.7 | 54.3–142.3 | 0 | |||
| F-indirect (mm2) | 88.9 ± 16.7 | 66.3–127.7 | 50.8 ± 12.6 | 28.8–74.4 | 0 | |||
| T-total (mm2) | 301.2 ± 48.1 | 233.6–412.0 | 110.9 ± 14.7 | 80.1–133.1 | Siebold et al. (17) | 20 | 0 | Digital photograph and calipers |
| T-direct (mm2) | 114.3 ± 37.9 | 65.1–214.6 | 31.4 ± 7.2 | 18.5–45.0 | 0 | |||
| T-indirect (mm2) | 186.9 ± 42.9 | 124.5–304.7 | 79.6 ± 12.7 | 53.7–107.7 | 0 | |||
| NH (mm) | 6.94 ± 1.5 | 4.9–9.6 | 28.0 ± 3.1 | Peng et al. (12) | 67 | 0 | X–ray | |
| NW (mm) | 14.4 ± 2.3 | 9.5–18.3 | 19.8 ± 2.4 | 0 | ||||
| FW (mm) | 69.9 ± 3.4 | 64.3–76.9 | 73.8 ± 3.9 | Lipps et al. (19) | 9 | 0.022 | MRI | |
| SW (mm) | 13.9 ± 1.3 | 11.6–17.1 | 13.9 ± 2.1 | Iriuchishima et al. (13) | 37 | 1 | X–ray | |
| TW (mm) | 72.9 ± 2.7 | 69.2–78.8 | 72.0 ± 6.4 | Yahagi et al. (20) | 39 | 0.455 | Digital photograph and calipers | |
N, sample size; Length, ACL length; CSA, the cross sectional area of the ACL isthmus; Long axis, the long axis of the ACL isthmus; Short axis, the short axis of the ACL isthmus; F-total, area of total ACL femoral origin; F-direct, area of direct ACL femoral origin; F-indirect, area of indirect ACL femoral origin; T-total, area of total ACL tibial insertion; T-direct, area of direct ACL tibial insertion; T-indirect, area of indirect ACL tibial insertion; NH, the height of femoral intercondylar notch; NW, the width of femoral intercondylar notch; FW, the width of femoral condyle; SW, the width of tibial interspinal fossa; TW, width of the tibial condyle.