Table 1.

Deficits (Part 1).

	Study			Deficit (%)			Muscle actions	Assessment details
				Fmax	RFD	Function
Older non-fallers vs. fallers	Bento et al. 2010#	Non-fallers Fallers	n=13 n=18	-17.6	-17.2		Dorsi+Plantar flex, Hip ext+flex+abd+add, Knee ext+flex	RFD20-80%
	Crozara et al. 2013	Non-fallers Fallers	n=22 n=21	-11.1	-10.3		Dorsi+Plantar flex, Knee ext+flex	RFD50ms
	Kamo et al. 2019	Non-fallers Fallers	n=34 n=88	-2.4	-13.8		Knee ext	RFD200ms
	LaRoche et al. 2010	Non-fallers Fallers	n=12 n=11	-18.5	-12.8		Dorsi+Plantar flex, Knee ext+flex	RFD200ms
	Morcelli et al. 2016a,b	Non-fallers Fallers	n=24 n=20	-10.7	-24.1		Hip ext+flex+abd+add	RFD50ms, RFD100ms, RFD150ms, RFD200ms
	Palmer et al. 2015#	Non-fallers Fallers	n=9 n=6	-35.3	-37.3		Hip ext	RFD50ms, RFD100-200ms
	Pijnappels et al. 2008	Non-fallers Fallers	n=10 n=7	-26.1	-39.3		Knee ext, Leg press, Plantar flex	RFD100ms
	Weighted mean 95% CI [lower: upper]	Participants Studies	n=295 N=7	-10.8 [-12.2 : -9.4]	-17.8 [-25.5 : -10.0]
Older lower vs. higher functioning	Clark et al. 2013#	Fast walkers Slow walkers	n=12 n=8		-40.7	-14.7	Plantar flex	RFDmax Long walkmax, Short walkusual+max, SPPB
	LaRoche et al. 2011	Normal strength Low strength	n=11 n= 13	-23.7	-28.0	-11.0	Dorsi+Plantar flex Knee ext+flex	RFD200ms Chair rise, Short walkusual, SPPB
	Palmer et al. 2016#	Higher function Lower function	n=9 n=6	-19.2	-36.1		Knee ext+flex	RFD50ms, RFD200ms
	Weighted mean 95% CI [lower: upper]	Participants Studies	n=59 N=3	-22.0 [-31.9 : -12.0]	-34.4 [-40.8 : -27.9]	-12.7 [-13.7 : -11.7]
Older vs. younger adults	Crozara et al. 2013	Young Old	n=18 n= 43	-39.0	-59.3		Dorsi+Plantar flex Knee ext+flex	RFD50ms
	Inacio et al. 2019#	Young Old	n=15 n=15	-34.4	-49.8		Hip abd+add	RFDpeak
	Izquierdo et al. 1999	Young Old	n=12 n=10	-46.6	-64.9		Squat	RFDpeak
	Mackey et al. 2006	Young Old	n=25 n=25	-4.3	-15.6		Plantar flex	RFD0-85%
	Morcelli et al. 2016a,b	Young Old	n=18 n=44	-46.5	-62.6		Hip ext+flex+abd+add	RFD50ms, RFD100ms, RFD150ms, RFD200ms
	Palmer et al. 2017#	Young Old	n=11 n=11	-17.6	-24.3		Hip ext	RFD50ms, RFD100ms, RFD150ms, RFD200ms
	Sundstrup et al. 2010	Young Old	n=49 n=18	-21.7	-21.8		Knee ext	RFD100ms, RFD200ms
	Unhjem et al. 2019#	Young Old	n=9 n=32	-4.8	-31.2	-23.4	Leg press (dyn)	RFD30ms, RFD50ms, RFD100ms, RFD150ms, RFD200ms Chair rise, Short walkusual, Stair climb
	Weighted mean 95% CI [lower: upper]	Participants Studies	n=355 N=8	-27.0 [-41.6 : -12.3]	-40.8 [-59.0 : -22.5]	-23.4
PD patients vs. healthy controls	Malling et al. 2016	Healthy controls PD patients	n=17 n=13		-25.4	-33.0	STS (up+down)	RFD0-70% Chair rise
	Noorvee et al. 2006#	Healthy controls PD patients	n=12 n=12	-6.1	-26.2	-13.2	Knee ext	RFD200ms Short walkusual
	Pääsuke et al. 2002#	Healthy controls PD patients	n=12 n=14	-7.3	-35.5	-49.3	Knee ext (unilat.), STS (up)	RFDmax Chair rise
	Pääsuke et al. 2004#	Healthy controls PD patients	n=16 n=12	-19.5	-32.6	-31.7	Knee ext (bilat.), STS (up)	RFDmax Chair rise
	Weighted mean 95% CI [lower : upper]	Participants Studies	n=108 N=4	-11.3 [-19.1 : -3.5]	-30.4 [-36.1 : -24.7]	-30.7 [-47.3 : -14.1]
All	Weighted mean 95% CI [lower: upper]	Participants Studies	n=817 N=22	-20.5 [-29.4 : -11.7]	-30.6 [-40.8 : -20.4]	-25.9 [-36.1 : -15.6]

STS: sit to stand. SPPB: short physical performance battery. #: Fmax and RFD outcomes that were initially reported as absolute values, but subsequently normalised by body mass reported by the study. In studies reporting data from more than one muscle action, mean deficit values of Fmax and RFD (based on a mean RFD value in studies reporting data on more than one RFD measure), respectively, were calculated and presented. In studies reporting data on more than one measure of physical function, a mean deficit value of Function was calculated and presented.