Table 18.

Methodological features of studies on Vitis distribution/phenology in the EU under climate change

Study	Model	Time horizons	Emission scenarios	Other
Fraga et al. (2016)	process‐based crop model coupled with climate, soil and terrain databases, taking into account physiological effects of water supply and CO2 concentration	both for present (1980–2005) and future (2041–2070) climate scenarios	Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) RCP4.5 and RCP8.5	European grapevine yields, phenology, water and nitrogen stresses were taken into account
Leolini et al. (2018)	The UniChill model calibrated for four grapevine varieties (with very early, early, middle‐early and late phenological cycles) applied in Europe to assess phenological dynamics (budbreak and flowering)	2036–2065 and 2066–2095	RCP 4.5 and 8.5	The combined effect of mean climate change and extreme events (frost events at budbreak and suboptimal temperatures for fruit set) was studied
Ponti et al. (2018)	PROTHEUS is a coupled atmosphere–ocean regional model that allows simulation of local extremes of weather via the inclusion of a fine‐scale representation of topography and the influence of the Mediterranean Sea	1960–1970 (reference baseline) and 2040–2050 (climate change)	A1B regional climate change scenario that posits +1.8°C warming for the Euro‐Mediterranean region, a scenario that is towards the middle of the IPCC range of greenhouse gas forcing scenarios	The grapevine/Lobesia botrana system was studied across the Euro‐Mediterranean region using physiologically based demographic models
Cardell et al. (2019)	Modelling of the suitability of grape production across Europe using a suite of regional climate models (RCMs) from the European CORDEX project (ALADIN53, CCLM4‐8‐17, HIRHAM5, RACMO22E and RCA4)	2021–2045 (early future 21st century), 2046–2070 (mid‐21st century), and 2071–2095 (late 21st century).	RCP 4.5 and 8.5	1981–2005 as a climate baseline