Table 1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Adults With Symptomatic Illness Who Received Positive vs Negative COVID-19 Test Results at Enrollment.
| Characteristic | Participants, No./total No. (%)a | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 1000) | Positive COVID-19 result (n = 722) | Negative COVID-19 result (n = 278) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age at enrollment, y | ||||
| 18-34 | 406/998 (40.7) | 288/721 (39.9) | 118/277 (42.6) | .005 |
| 35-49 | 286/998 (28.7) | 220/721 (30.5) | 66/277 (23.8) | |
| 50-64 | 215/998 (21.5) | 160/721 (22.2) | 55/277 (19.9) | |
| ≥65 | 91/998 (9.1) | 53/721 (7.4) | 38/277 (13.7) | |
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 644/972 (66.3) | 464/703 (66.0) | 180/269 (66.9) | .07b |
| Male | 313/972 (32.2) | 232/703 (33.0) | 81//269 (30.1) | |
| Transgender, nonbinary, or other | 15/972 (1.5) | 7/703 (1.0) | 8/269 (3.0) | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 151/984 (15.3) | 110/712 (15.4) | 41/272 (15.1) | .88 |
| Non-Hispanic | 833/984 (84.7) | 602/712 (84.6) | 231/272 (84.9) | |
| Racec | ||||
| Asian, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander | 89/974 (9.1) | 52/706 (7.4) | 37/268 (13.8) | .007 |
| Black or African American | 131/974 (13.4) | 91/706 (12.9) | 40/268 (14.9) | |
| White | 685/974 (70.3) | 508/706 (72.0) | 177/268 (66.0) | |
| Other or multiple races | 69/974 (7.1) | 55/706 (7.8) | 14/268 (5.2) | |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| Less than high school diploma | 17/966 (1.8) | 13/700 (1.9) | 4/266 (1.5) | .70b |
| High school or GED diploma | 106/966 (11.0) | 78/700 (11.1) | 28/266 (10.5) | |
| Some college but no degree | 149/966 (15.4) | 106/700 (15.1) | 43/266 (16.2) | |
| College degree | ||||
| 2 y | 87/966 (9.0) | 65/700 (9.3) | 22/266 (8.3) | |
| 4 y | 290/966 (30.0) | 218/700 (31.1) | 72/266 (27.1) | |
| More than 4-y college degree | 317/966 (32.8) | 220/700 (31.4) | 97/266 (36.5) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with a partner | 503/977 (51.5) | 383/706 (54.2) | 120/271 (44.3) | .008 |
| Divorced, widowed, or separated | 126/977 (12.9) | 80/706 (11.3) | 46/271 (17.0) | |
| Never married | 348/977 (35.6) | 243/706 (34.4) | 105/271 (38.7) | |
| Annual family income before pandemic, $ | ||||
| <10 000 | 70/979 (7.2) | 44/707 (6.2) | 26/272 (9.6) | <.001 |
| 10 000-35 000 | 132/979 (13.5) | 91/707 (12.9) | 41/272 (15.1) | |
| 35 000-50 000 | 124/979 (12.7) | 76/707 (10.7) | 48/272 (17.6) | |
| 50 000-75 000 | 126/979 (12.9) | 100/707 (14.1) | 26/272 (9.6) | |
| >75 000 | 483/979 (49.3) | 369/707 (52.2) | 114/272 (41.9) | |
| Prefer not to answer | 44/979 (4.5) | 27/707 (3.8) | 17/272 (6.3) | |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Private only | 663/981 (67.6) | 499/709 (70.4) | 164/272 (60.3) | .001 |
| Private and public | 42/981 (4.3) | 25/709 (3.5) | 17/272 (6.3) | |
| Public only | 240/981 (24.5) | 155/709 (21.9) | 85/272 (31.3) | |
| None | 36/981 (3.7) | 30/709 (4.2) | 6/272 (2.2) | |
| Employment status before pandemic | ||||
| Employed as essential worker or health care worker | 409/978 (41.8) | 309/707 (43.7) | 100/271 (36.9) | .03 |
| Employed as nonessential worker or non–health care worker | 373/978 (38.1) | 270/707 (38.2) | 103/271 (38.0) | |
| Not employed | 196/978 (20.0) | 128/707 (18.1) | 68/271 (25.1) | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Location of COVID-19 testing | ||||
| Hospital | 144/993 (14.5) | 101/715 (14.1) | 43/278 (15.5) | <.001b |
| Emergency department | 90/993 (9.1) | 46/715 (6.4) | 44/278 (15.8) | |
| Clinic including an urgent care clinic | 143/993 (14.4) | 104/715 (14.5) | 39/278 (14.0) | |
| Tent or drive-up testing site | 526/993 (53.0) | 403/715 (56.4) | 123/278 (44.2) | |
| At-home testing kit | 15/993 (1.5) | 10/715 (1.4) | 5/278 (1.8) | |
| Other | 75/993 (7.6) | 51/715 (7.1) | 24/278 (8.6) | |
| Hospitalization | ||||
| Hospitalized | 76/937 (8.1) | 72/665 (10.8) | 4/272 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Not hospitalized | 861/937 (91.9) | 593/665 (89.2) | 268/272 (98.5) | |
| Preexisting conditions | ||||
| Asthma (moderate or severe) | 137/934 (14.7) | 85/665 (12.8) | 52/269 (19.3) | .01 |
| Hypertension or high blood pressure | 169/934 (18.1) | 109/665 (16.4) | 60/269(22.3) | .03 |
| Diabetes | 67/934 (7.2) | 39/665 (5.9) | 28/269 (10.4) | .01 |
| Overweight or obesity | 280/934 (30.0) | 194/665 (29.2) | 86/269 (32.0) | .40 |
| Emphysema or COPD | 22/934 (2.4) | 12/665 (1.8) | 10/269 (3.7) | .08 |
| Heart conditiond | 42/934 (4.5) | 25/665 (3.8) | 17/269 (6.3) | .10 |
| Smokinge | 49/934 (5.2) | 38/665 (5.7) | 11/269 (4.1) | .31 |
| Kidney disease | 14/934 (1.5) | 8/665 (1.2) | 6/269 (2.2) | .24b |
| Liver disease | 17/934 (1.8) | 11/665 (1.7) | 6/269 (2.2) | .59b |
| Reported symptoms at baseline | ||||
| Systemicf | 780/1000 (78.0) | 626/722 (86.7) | 154/278 (55.4) | <.001 |
| Musculoskeletalg | 572/1000 (57.2) | 466/722 (64.5) | 106/278 (38.1) | <.001 |
| HEENTh | 830/1000 (83.0) | 657/722 (91.0) | 173/278 (62.2) | <.001 |
| Pulmonaryi | 604/1000 (60.4) | 490/722 (67.9) | 114/278 (41.0) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascularj | 273/1000 (27.3) | 224/722 (31.0) | 49/278 (17.6) | <.001 |
| Gastrointestinalk | 366/1000 (36.6) | 289/722 (40.0) | 77/278 (27.7) | <.001 |
| Other | 115/983 (11.7) | 98/711 (13.8) | 17/272 (6.3) | .001 |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GED, general educational development; HEENT, head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat.
The frequency of missingness differed across participant characteristics and ranged from 2 to 63 missing values. No systematic patterns in missingness were observed; therefore, missingness at random was assumed. All percentages and P values were calculated after excluding missing values.
For variables expected to have statistical significance of P < .05, P values were estimated using the Fisher exact method. Other P values were estimated using the χ2 test.
Participants self-reported their race according to the following categories: American Indian or Alaska Native; Asian, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander; Black or African American; White; other race; or more than 1 race among the available categories.
Heart conditions included coronary artery disease, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy.
Smoking was defined as current smoking of any type of tobacco, including smokeless tobacco.
Systemic symptoms included having a fever higher than 38 °C (100.4 °F), feeling hot or feverish, chills, experiencing repeated shaking with chills, and feeling more tired than usual.
Musculoskeletal symptoms included muscle aches and joint pains.
HEENT symptoms included runny nose, sore throat, decrease or change in smell, decrease or change in taste, hair loss, and headache.
Pulmonary symptoms included new cough, worsening of chronic cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing.
Cardiovascular symptoms included pain or tightness in chest and palpitations.
Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea or vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (>3 loose or looser than normal stools within 24 hours).