Table 2. Unadjusted Patient-Reported Outcome Measures at Baseline and 3-Month Follow-up by COVID-19 Status at Baseline.
| Outcomea | PROMIS score, mean (SD)b | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 1000) | Positive COVID-19 result (n = 722) | Negative COVID-19 result (n = 278) | ||
| Baseline | ||||
| Cognitive function | 46.3 (11.3) | 46.5 (11.4) | 45.7 (11.2) | .29 |
| Physical function | 45.2 (10.3) | 45.0 (10.3) | 45.8 (10.1) | .29 |
| Social participation | 49.2 (12.1) | 49.3 (12.4) | 49.1 (11.3) | .86 |
| Anxiety | 53.9 (10.2) | 53.4 (10.0) | 55.1 (10.6) | .02 |
| Depression | 50.6 (9.3) | 50.1 (9.1) | 51.8 (9.8) | .01 |
| Fatigue | 55.7 (10.1) | 55.4 (10.4) | 56.4 (9.4) | .16 |
| Sleep disturbance | 52.0 (5.1) | 52.0 (5.3) | 52.1 (4.7) | .74 |
| Pain interference | 51.2 (10.2) | 50.5 (10.1) | 53.0 (10.2) | <.001 |
| Pain intensity | 2.9 (2.7) | 2.7 (2.7) | 3.4 (2.8) | <.001 |
| Follow-up at 3 mo | ||||
| Cognitive function | 48.2 (11.6) | 48.9 (11.5) | 46.4 (11.6) | .002 |
| Physical function | 50.5 (8.7) | 51.2 (8.2) | 48.8 (9.7) | <.001 |
| Social participation | 54.5 (11.3) | 55.5 (11.0) | 51.9 (11.7) | <.001 |
| Anxiety | 51.3 (10.1) | 50.6 (9.8) | 53.2 (10.5) | <.001 |
| Depression | 49.1 (9.2) | 48.5 (8.9) | 50.6 (9.7) | .001 |
| Fatigue | 50.8 (10.8) | 50.0 (10.6) | 53.0 (11.0) | <.001 |
| Sleep disturbance | 51.1 (4.8) | 50.9 (4.7) | 51.6 (4.8) | .04 |
| Pain interference | 48.2 (9.3) | 47.3 (8.9) | 50.3 (9.9) | <.001 |
| Pain intensity | 2.2 (2.5) | 1.9 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.7) | <.001 |
| Difference between baseline and 3-mo follow-up | ||||
| Cognitive function | 1.9 (9.7) | 2.2 (9.9) | 0.9 (9.2) | .06 |
| Physical function | 5.2 (9.7) | 6.1 (9.8) | 3.1 (9.2) | <.001 |
| Social participation | 5.2 (12.5) | 6.1 (12.4) | 2.8 (12.3) | <.001 |
| Anxiety | −2.4 (8.9) | −2.7 (9.1) | −1.8 (8.3) | .19 |
| Depression | −1.4 (7.7) | −1.4 (7.7) | −1.1 (7.7) | .56 |
| Fatigue | −4.8 (9.6) | −5.3 (9.9) | −3.5 (8.8) | .01 |
| Sleep disturbance | −0.9 (5.2) | −1.0 (5.3) | −0.5 (5.2) | .19 |
| Pain interference | −2.9 (9.0) | −3.0 (8.8) | −2.7 (9.5) | .67 |
| Pain intensity | −0.7 (2.4) | −0.8 (2.3) | −0.6 (2.6) | .16 |
Abbreviation: PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System.
For physical function, social participation, and cognitive function, lower scores (at baseline and follow-up) were indicative of worse outcomes; for all other domains, higher scores (at baseline and follow-up) were indicative of worse outcomes. For physical function, social participation, and cognitive function, a positive difference in scores (between baseline and follow-up) was indicative of improvement; for all other measures, a negative difference in scores (between baseline and follow-up) was indicative of improvement. Pain intensity (at baseline and follow-up) was scored from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). All other measures (at baseline and follow-up) represent a scaled T score, with a population-normed mean (SD) of 50 (10) points. For pain intensity, a within-person (ie, over time) difference of 1 or higher was considered clinically meaningful; for all other measures, an absolute difference of 2 or higher was considered clinically meaningful.
Scores were based on responses to the 29-item PROMIS survey (version 2.1) and the PROMIS Short Form–Cognitive Function 8a survey.