Table 1.

Characteristics of recent studies involving RTX in the treatment of GO.

Author	Year	Trial design	Drug	Dose	Number of patients	TRAb	CAS	CAS at 24 weeks	DON	Disease inactivation (at week 24)	Improvement in composite ophthalmic index (at week 24)	Recurrence	SAE
Salvi	2015	Randomized and prospective	RTX	2 × 1000 mg	15	10.7 ± 9.1	4.4 ± 0.7	0.6 ± 3	0	100%	9/15 (60%) improved	0	2
			ivGCS	7.5 g cumulative	16	18.2 ± 21.7	4.7 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 0.5	1	68.70%	6/16 (37.5%) improved	June 16	3
Stan	2015	Randomized, prospective, and double-blinded	RTX	2 × 1000 mg	13	20 (9–60)	4.9 (1.0)	3.7 (1.9)	2	4/13 at week 24	No significant difference between groups in disease severity	No data	5 moderate/severe
			Placebo	n.a.	12	19.5 (2.2–28.8)	5.3 (1.0)	3.8 (1.4)	0	2/12 at week 24		No data	1 moderate/severe
Karasek	2017	Prospective	RTX	1 × 100 mg	10	5.7 (1.1–41.0) to 1.6 (1.0–6.9)	3.6 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 0.4 at month 6	2	100%	Not reported	October 1	0
Eid	2019	Retrospective	RTX	2 × 1000 mg	15		4	3.0 (2.0–3.0)	0	50%	Not reported	5/12 (41.7%)	0
Deltour	2020	Retrospective	RTX	2 × 1000 mg	32	63% reduction	3.29 ± 1.16	1.59 ± 1.12 at week 24	0	20/31	Not reported	No data	1 (cytokine release syndrome)
Bennedjai	2020	Retrospective	Tocilizumab	8 mg/kg on weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12	7	11 ± 4	5 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.9 at week 24	0	July 7	Not reported	July 1	0
			RTX	2 × 1000 mg	14	10 ± 7	4 ± 1.2	1.9 ± 1.7 at week 24	0	September 14	Not reported	April 14	0
Vannucchi	2021	Prospective, open-label, and no control group	RTX	1 × 100 mg	17	Decreased (27.6 ± 42.8 (n.v. <1.5))	4.56 ± 0.96	1.25 ± 1.14 at 24 weeks (P  = 0.001)	2	>90% at 24 weeks	58.30%	0 at 72 weeks	1 (cytokine release syndrome)

CAS, clinical activity score; DON, dysthyroid optic neuropathy; GO, Graves’ orbitopathy; ivGCs, i.v. glucocorticosteroids; RTX, rituximab; SAE, serious adverse events; TRAb, thyroid receptor antibodies.