Table 2.
Associations among body weight changes and characteristics and changes in lifestyles during the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020 in Japan: Japanese men and women aged 30 years and older, NIPPON DATA2010
| Young/middle age (vs unchanged body weight, n=555) | Older adults (vs unchanged body weight, n=637) | |||||||||||
| Increased (n=272) | Decreased (n=84) | Increased (n=164) | Decreased (n=98) | |||||||||
| OR | (95% CI) | P value | OR | (95% CI) | P value | OR | (95% CI) | P value | OR | (95% CI) | P value | |
| Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Female | 1.52 | (1.11 to 2.07) | 0.008 | 0.81 | (0.51 to 1.28) | 0.363 | 1.98 | (1.38 to 2.86) | <0.001 | 1.01 | (0.66 to 1.55) | 0.953 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| 30–49 | 1.98 | (1.38 to 2.86) | <0.001 | 1.01 | (0.62 to 1.64) | 0.974 | ||||||
| 50–69 | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||||||
| Educational status | ||||||||||||
| Junior high school | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| High school | 0.98 | (0.53 to 1.80) | 0.946 | 1.51 | (0.51 to 4.47) | 0.459 | 1.30 | (0.87 to 1.94) | 0.197 | 1.20 | (0.72 to 1.98) | 0.482 |
| College/university | 1.03 | (0.57 to 1.88) | 0.919 | 1.36 | (0.46 to 4.02) | 0.574 | 1.41 | (0.86 to 2.31) | 0.168 | 1.69 | (0.94 to 3.04) | 0.076 |
| COVID-19 cases per 100 000 in address prefecture | ||||||||||||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Quartile 2 | 1.44 | (0.93 to 2.22) | 0.100 | 2.38 | (1.21 to 4.68) | 0.012 | 1.93 | (1.13 to 3.30) | 0.016 | 0.80 | (0.43 to 1.49) | 0.485 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.77 | (1.16 to 2.69) | 0.008 | 1.59 | (0.77 to 3.27) | 0.209 | 2.71 | (1.61 to 4.54) | <0.001 | 0.98 | (0.54 to 1.79) | 0.949 |
| Quartile 4 (highest) | 1.57 | (1.02 to 2.40) | 0.039 | 1.54 | (0.75 to 3.17) | 0.239 | 2.43 | (1.43 to 4.12) | 0.001 | 1.40 | (0.80 to 2.45) | 0.235 |
| Changes in lifestyles | ||||||||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Increased | 1 | (0.55 to 1.82) | 0.988 | 4.38 | (2.46 to 7.78) | <0.001 | 1.83 | (0.92 to 3.64) | 0.084 | 1.70 | (0.76 to 3.80) | 0.198 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Decreased | 4.92 | (3.55 to 6.82) | <0.001 | 1.92 | (1.08 to 3.41) | 0.026 | 4.33 | (2.97 to 6.32) | <0.001 | 2.81 | (1.76 to 4.49) | <0.001 |
| Home-cooked meals | ||||||||||||
| Increased | 1.86 | (1.34 to 2.58) | <0.001 | 1.55 | (0.92 to 2.60) | 0.099 | 3.22 | (2.01 to 5.16) | <0.001 | 1.87 | (0.97 to 3.59) | 0.060 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Decreased | 1.70 | (0.64 to 4.54) | 0.289 | 1.48 | (0.32 to 6.94) | 0.617 | 2.34 | (0.93 to 5.93) | 0.072 | 3.67 | (1.44 to 9.36) | 0.006 |
| Lunch box and/or ready-made meals | ||||||||||||
| Increased | 2.12 | (1.42 to 3.17) | <0.001 | 1.21 | (0.59 to 2.48) | 0.612 | 2.85 | (1.58 to 5.17) | <0.001 | 2.47 | (1.19 to 5.11) | 0.014 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Decreased | 1.76 | (1.14 to 2.71) | 0.011 | 2.35 | (1.30 to 4.27) | 0.005 | 1.80 | (1.10 to 2.95) | 0.020 | 1.31 | (0.67 to 2.53) | 0.427 |
| Eating between meals | ||||||||||||
| Increased | 7.05 | (4.78 to 10.39) | <0.001 | 1.68 | (0.78 to 3.61) | 0.186 | 7.63 | (4.81 to 12.11) | <0.001 | 1.64 | (0.77 to 3.52) | 0.201 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Decreased | 2.68 | (1.53 to 4.69) | <0.001 | 6.78 | (3.68 to 12.48) | <0.001 | 1.73 | (0.96 to 3.10) | 0.067 | 2.23 | (1.23 to 4.05) | 0.008 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||||||
| Increased | 1.77 | (1.16 to 2.70) | 0.008 | 2.79 | (1.57 to 4.97) | <0.001 | 1.99 | (1.27 to 3.12) | 0.003 | 1.05 | (0.56 to 1.97) | 0.877 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Decreased | 2.71 | (1.41 to 5.19) | 0.003 | 2.75 | (1.05 to 7.20) | 0.040 | 4.25 | (2.29 to 7.92) | <0.001 | 1.68 | (0.66 to 4.23) | 0.273 |
| Alcohol | ||||||||||||
| No drinking | 1.17 | (0.85 to 1.61) | 0.330 | 1.19 | (0.67 to 2.11) | 0.556 | 1.30 | (0.88 to 1.91) | 0.181 | 0.83 | (0.51 to 1.33) | 0.430 |
| Increased | 2.12 | (1.26 to 3.56) | 0.005 | 3.57 | (1.68 to 7.59) | <0.001 | 3.02 | (1.11 to 8.19) | 0.030 | 1.19 | (0.25 to 5.61) | 0.823 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||||
| Decreased | 1.29 | (0.70 to 2.40) | 0.412 | 5.85 | (2.91 to 11.76) | <0.001 | 1.25 | (0.58 to 2.68) | 0.569 | 2.76 | (1.39 to 5.49) | 0.003 |
The results of a multivariate logistic regression are shown.
NIPPON DATA2010, National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Non-communicable Disease and its Trends in the Aged 2010.