Table 3.
Associations among body weight change and characteristics and changes in lifestyle from multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses during the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020; Japanese men and women aged 30 years and older, NIPPON DATA2010
| Increased body weight versus unchanged | Decreased body weight versus unchanged | |||||
| OR | (95% CI) | P value | OR | (95% CI) | P value | |
| Young/middle age (aged 30–69 years) | ||||||
| Characteristics | ||||||
| COVID-19 cases per 100 000 in address prefecture | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Quartile 2 | 1.22 | (0.75 to 1.98) | 0.418 | 3.21 | (1.52 to 6.77) | 0.002 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.44 | (0.90 to 2.30) | 0.132 | 1.71 | (0.78 to 3.76) | 0.182 |
| Quartile 4 (highest) | 1.11 | (0.69 to 1.79) | 0.674 | 1.28 | (0.58 to 2.83) | 0.542 |
| Changes in lifestyles | ||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Increased | 0.93 | (0.50 to 1.75) | 0.826 | 3.66 | (1.94 to 6.90) | <0.001 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Decreased | 4.01 | (2.83 to 5.69) | <0.001 | 1.62 | (0.88 to 2.97) | 0.118 |
| Eating between meals | ||||||
| Increased | 5.82 | (3.85 to 8.80) | <0.001 | 1.51 | (0.68 to 3.34) | 0.313 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Decreased | 2.73 | (1.52 to 4.93) | 0.001 | 5.97 | (3.11 to 11.48) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol | ||||||
| No drinking | 0.98 | (0.68 to 1.40) | 0.900 | 1.02 | (0.56 to 1.85) | 0.954 |
| Increased | 1.64 | (0.92 to 2.92) | 0.095 | 2.82 | (1.27 to 6.30) | 0.011 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Decreased | 0.80 | (0.40 to 1.60) | 0.528 | 4.77 | (2.26 to 10.06) | <0.001 |
| Older adults (70 years and older) | ||||||
| Characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Female | 1.78 | (1.20 to 2.65) | 0.005 | 0.97 | (0.63 to 1.51) | 0.903 |
| COVID-19 cases per 100 000 in address prefecture | ||||||
| Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Quartile 2 | 1.87 | (1.05 to 3.31) | 0.033 | 0.89 | (0.48 to 1.67) | 0.721 |
| Quartile 3 | 2.43 | (1.40 to 4.23) | 0.002 | 1.01 | (0.55 to 1.87) | 0.971 |
| Quartile 4 (highest) | 2.00 | (1.13 to 3.54) | 0.017 | 1.34 | (0.75 to 2.39) | 0.321 |
| Changes in lifestyles | ||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Increased | 1.46 | (0.70 to 3.04) | 0.316 | 1.67 | (0.73 to 3.83) | 0.224 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Decreased | 2.98 | (1.98 to 4.49) | <0.001 | 2.63 | (1.62 to 4.27) | <0.001 |
| Home-cooked meals | ||||||
| Increased | 2.02 | (1.18 to 3.45) | 0.010 | 1.48 | (0.74 to 2.93) | 0.267 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Decreased | 1.59 | (0.56 to 4.53) | 0.388 | 3.15 | (1.19 to 8.32) | 0.021 |
| Eating between meals | ||||||
| Increased | 4.22 | (2.55 to 6.99) | <0.001 | 1.03 | (0.46 to 2.31) | 0.950 |
| No change | 1 | (Ref) | 1 | (Ref) | ||
| Decreased | 1.54 | (0.83 to 2.82) | 0.168 | 1.95 | (1.05 to 3.61) | 0.034 |
The results of a multivariable-adjusted stepwise logistic regression are shown.
Factors entered to the model in a stepwise manner: sex, age class (for young/middle age), educational status, quartile of COVID-19 cases per 100 000 in address prefecture and changes in lifestyle (physical activity, home-cooked meals, lunch box and/or ready-made meals, eating between meals, vegetables and alcohol).
NIPPON DATA2010, National Integrated Project for Prospective Observation of Non-communicable Disease and its Trends in the Aged 2010.