. 2022 Nov 17;24(11):e39973. doi: 10.2196/39973

Table 3.

Multinomial regression results of patient characteristics and perceived change in overall quality of care with Care Information Exchange use.

		Univariate^a						Multivariable^a
		Worse care quality vs about the same			Better care quality vs about the same			Worse care quality vs about the same			Better care quality vs about the same
		Odds ratio (95% CI)	P value	Odds ratio (95% CI)		P value	Odds ratio (95% CI)		P value	Odds ratio (95% CI)		P value
Sex
	Female	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Male	0.47 (0.13-1.74)	.26	1.26 (0.84-1.88)		.26	N/A^b		N/A	N/A		N/A
Age (years)
	≥65	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	≤64	1.35 (0.41-4.42)	.63	1.28 (0.84-1.94)		.26	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
Ethnicity
	White	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Ethnic minority	1.88 (0.49-7.18)	.36	2.27 (1.37-3.78)		.002	2.44 (0.61-9.80)		.21	2.27 (1.26-3.73)		.005
Native language
	English	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Non-English	2.56 (0.66-9.91)	.18	1.81 (1.02-3.21)		.04	—^c		—	—		—
Education
	Secondary or below	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Undergraduate or professional	4.60 (0.55-38.23)	.16	0.85 (0.53-1.38)		.51	—		—	—		—
	Postgraduate or higher	4.00 (0.44-36.76)	.22	0.73 (0.42-1.25)		.25	—		—	—		—
Digital literacy
	Lower digital health literacy	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Higher digital health literacy	1.57 (0.20-12.63)	.67	2.51 (1.15-5.45)		.02	1.51 (0.18-12.42)		.70	2.40 (1.07-5.42)		.03
Health status
	Neither good nor poor	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Poor	0.72 (0.20-2.60)	.62	1.29 (0.77-2.16)		.34	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
	Good	0.52 (0.14-2.02)	.35	1.22 (0.73-2.03)		.45	N/A		N/A	N/A		N/A
Motivation to be involved in own care
	Not very much or a moderate amount	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	A lot or very much	1.92 (0.24-15.19)	.54	1.67 (0.86-3.24)		.13	—		—	—		—
Frequency of Care Information Exchange use
	Once a month or less	Reference	Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference	Reference		Reference
	Once a week or more	1.05 (0.32-3.45)	.94	2.40 (1.59-3.63)		<.001	0.92 (0.24-3.60)		.90	2.31 (1.49-3.58)		<.001

^aGoodness-of-fit: χ²₈=14.5; P=.07.

^bN/A: not applicable; variable not entered into the multivariable analyses due to nonsignificance (P>.25) in univariate analyses.

^cVariable excluded from the final multivariable model using a backward elimination approach.