TABLE 1.
Baseline and 6-and 12-month changes (mean and standard deviation) stratified in the control and intervention groups of the participants on the 17-item questionnaire, physical activity, biomarkers, and anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormones. Adjusted for sex and age.
| Control group |
Intervention group |
Control group vs. Intervention group |
|||||||
| Baseline | 6 month-change | 12 month-change | Baseline | 6 month-change | 12 month-change | Baseline | 6 month-adjusted model | 12 month-adjusted model | |
| Diet adherence and physical activity | |||||||||
| Mediterranean diet adherence (17-point item score) | 7.18 (2.36) | 3.03* (3.03) | 2.55 + ^ (2.94) | 7.52 (2.60) |
4.13* (3.27) | 3.89^ (3.38) | 0.30 (−0.17, 0.77) |
1.37 (0.88, 1.86) | 1.62 (1.13, 2.12) |
| Physical activity (MET⋅min/week) | 2477 (2132.37) | 275.77 (2311.75) | 367.91^ (2272.46) | 2648 (2216.67) | 838.78* (2430.42) | 872.23 ^ (2207.52) | 150.64 (−269.65, 570.93) |
649.28 (233.83, 1064.72) | 591.67 (206.63, 976.71) |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 218.30 (41.22) | −3.69 (31.71) | −0.16 (33.93) | 221.88 (41.65) | −4.50* (32.54) | −1.70 (32.66) | 3.62 (−4.06, 11.30) |
0.69 (−4.95, 6.34) |
−0.34 (−6.53, 5.85) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.29 (11.06) | 0.91 (6.89) | −0.13 + (7.06) | 52.73 (11.21) | 2.53* (7.79) | 2.62 ^ (7.83) | −1.74 (−3.69, 0.22) |
1.35 (−0.10, 2.79) |
2.29 (0.84, 3.74) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 133.67 (35.19) | −4.17* (25.22) | 2.03 + (28.77) | 139.22 (38.03) | −3.03 (27.71) | −0.36 (27.70) | 5.67 (−1.45, 12.80) |
3.44 (−1.38, 8.26) |
−0.41 (−5.74, 4.92) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 144 [107: 186] | −5.93 (55.03) | −13.48^ (55.65) | 134 [104:182] | −13.48* [−38:6] | −16^ [−42:10] | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.08) |
−0.12 (−0.18, −0.07) |
−0.08 (−0.14, −0.02) |
| Remnant cholesterol (mg/dL) | 29.13 (10.60) | −1.08 (8.66) | −1.52^ (8.05) | 28.52 (10.88) | −3.72* (7.82) | −3.03^ (9.49) | −0.48 (−2.62, 1.67) |
−2.81 (−4.30, −1.33) |
−1.78 (−3.43, −0.13) |
| Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements | |||||||||
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 139.25 (13.46) | −2.04* (14.30) | −3.64^ (14.61) | 140.01 (12.90) | −6.38* (13.90) | −5.18^ (15.43) | 0.63 (−1.92, 3.18) |
−3.90 (−6.46, −1.35) |
−1.09 (−3.79, 1.61) |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 74.59 (10.74) | −0.81 (11.22) | −2.10^ (11.11) | 75.59 (9.77) | −4.99* (10.20) | −4.06^ (10.87) | 1.13 (−0.80, 3.05) |
−3.39 (−5.24, −1.53) |
−1.21 (−3.13, 0.71) |
| Weight (kg) | 88.98 (13.71) | −2.66* (3.47) | −2.67^ (3.99) | 87.54 (13.87) | −6.31* (4.09) | −7.41 + ^ (4.07) | −1.12 (−3.46, 1.21) |
−3.74 (−4.46, −3.03) |
−4.84 (−5.60, −4.08) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 111.47 (9.56) | −2.81* (3.70) | −2.83 ^ (4.48) | 110.25 (9.74) | −6.21* (4.73) | −7.28 + ^ (4.37) | −1.10 (−2.84, 0.64) |
−3.52 (−4.33, −2.70) |
−4.57 (−5.44, −3.70) |
| Carbohydrate metabolism | |||||||||
| HOMA | 3.14 (3.18) |
−0.30* (1.82) | −0.34 ^ (1.52) | 2.97 (2.17) |
−0.75* (1.24) | −0.70^ (1.38) | −0.17 (−0.79, 0.45) |
−0.49 (−0.83, −0.14) |
−0.38 (−0.70, −0.06) |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 119.90 (33.19) | −2.92 (22.11) | −0.53 (27.27) | 120.86 (31.32) | −6.67* (17.69) | −4.95^ (21.75) | 1.04 (−5.25, 7.33) |
−3.58 (−7.39, 0.23) |
−4.22 (−9.16, 0.72) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.40 (1.11) | −0.27* (0.72) | −0.06 + (0.55) | 6.33 (0.84) |
−0.33* (0.45) | −0.21 + ^ (0.50) | −0.07 (−0.30, 0.15) |
−0.06 (−0.19, 0.07) |
−0.14 (−0.27, −0.02) |
| Insulin (pg/mL) | 351.81 (230.53) | −24.19 (160.44) | −33.22^ (142.44) | 336.79 (189.70) | −77.56* (129.63) | −79.59^ (131.15) | −14.65 (−62.49, 33.19) |
−57.09 (−90.06, −24.12) |
−49.39 (−79.44, −19.33) |
| Glucagon (pg/mL) | 455.03 (163.32) | −36.43* (114.51) | −39.24^ (115.95) | 446.44 (154.60) | −47.00* (128.95) | −48.99^ (125.23) | −6.35 (−41.12, 28.43) | −13.46 (−39.90, 12.98) |
−11.33 (−38.03, 15.37) |
| C-peptide (pg/mL) | 1054.99 (522.52) |
−68.82* (303.26) |
−89.74^ (313.09) |
1066.02 (432.07) |
−155.66* (327.24) |
−170.98^ (316.98) |
11.15 (−97.34, 119.65) |
−83.93 (−149.45, −18.41) |
−82.90 (−149.68, −16.12) |
| GLP_1 (pg/mL) | 172.39 (134.29) |
−8.33 (81.05) |
−12.46 (98.24) |
166.78 (120.69) |
−9.71 (91.22) |
−23.20^ (82.12) | −5.75 (−34.43, 22.93) |
−4.45 (−22.92, 14.01) |
−13.74 −33.43, 5.95) |
| Hormones and inflammation biomarkers | |||||||||
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) | 807.38 (415.02) |
−30.86 (245.98) |
−31.21 (236.83) |
831.31 (412.41) |
−11.05 (207.24) |
5.69 (227.47) |
26.33 (−67.05, 119.72) |
26.96 (−24.03, 77.95) |
40.68 (−12.90, 94.25) |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 7746.99 (4152.80) |
−730.11 (2486.83) |
−776.03 (2727.56) |
7246.06 (3850.42) |
−1020.43 (3141.41) |
−1310.85 (2524.41) |
−385.77 (−1145.57, 374.04) |
−425.74 (−1036.51, 185.04) |
−698.56 (−1295.48, −101.64) |
| PAI_1 (pg/mL) | 2631.62 (838.39) |
−250.14* (715.26) |
−129.02 +
^ (729.33) |
2652.39 (828.08) |
−425.63* (837.60) |
−371.54^ (692.88) |
29.66 (−158.92, 218.24) |
−153.42 (−312.00, 5.16) |
−252.41 (−403.90, −100.92) |
| Resistin (pg/mL) | 4625.87 (2138.00) |
−286.75* (1670.16) |
−362.79^ (1815.51) |
4254.35 (1635.32) |
−74.65* (1343.08) |
−12.26 +
^ (1176.19) |
−378.91 (−812.86, 55.05) |
55.85 (−247.20, 358.89) |
151.36 (−160.26, 462.98) |
| Visfatin (pg/mL) | 1309.09 (1620.44) |
−302.97* (1314.76) |
−300.98^ (1375.44) |
1194.63 (1093.55) |
−270.33* (668.66) |
−258.90^ (613.18) |
−93.64 (−387.15, 199.87) |
−52.22 (−205.86, 101.41) |
−47.97 (−214.70, 118.76) |
| hs-PCR (mg/dL) | 0.45 (0.61) |
−0.07 (0.81) |
−0.13^ (0.47) |
0.45 (0.61) |
−0.13* (0.63) |
−0.11 (0.81) |
0.00 (−0.15, 0.16) |
−0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) |
0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) |
#Median and interquartile range were displayed in non-normal distributed variables *: significant P-value between baseline and 6-month follow-up; + : significant P-value between 6-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up; ^: significant P-value between baseline and 12-month follow-up.