TABLE 4.
Tertiles of waist circumference change (mean, standard deviation, and their comparison) adjusted for weight and baseline value of the participants on the 17-item questionnaire, physical activity, biomarkers and anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormones.
| First tertile of 6-month waist circumference change | Second tertile of 6-month waist circumference change | Third tertile of 6-month waist circumference change | Global P-value |
First tertile of 1-year waist circumference change | Second tertile of 1-year waist circumference change | Third tertile of 1-year waist circumference change | Global P-value |
|
| Diet adherence and physical activity | ||||||||
| Mediterranean diet adherence (17-point item score) | 4.76 (3.12) |
3.38* (3.04) |
2.55 +
^ (3.04) |
< 0.001 | 4.73 (3.34) |
2.92* (2.58) |
2.48 +
^ (2.87) |
< 0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET⋅min/week) |
932.61 (2453.74) |
617.23 (2262.68) |
122.75 +
^ (2462.50) |
< 0.05 | 1202.29 (2242.48) |
531.83* (2238.96) |
263.94 +
^ (2051.53) |
< 0.001 |
| Lipid profile | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) |
−5.33 (31.52) |
−4.50 (33.51) |
−2.09 (31.08) |
0.796 | −3.66 (30.10) |
2.11 (34.04) |
−1.36 (35.69) |
0.168 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
2.89 (8.22) |
1.63 (6.61) |
0.36^ (7.05) |
< 0.05 | 2.01 (7.33) |
2.60 (7.65) |
−1.19 +
^ (7.24) |
< 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) |
−3.70 (27.74) |
−2.60 (26.89) |
−4.74 (24.42) |
0.567 | 0.74 (25.35) |
1.77 (29.73) |
−0.13 (29.73) |
0.231 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
−31.64 (64.98) |
−17.41* (53.28) |
5.09 +
^ (48.90) |
< 0.001 | −33.86 (54.90) |
−12.75* (50.83) |
−5.30^ (64.12) |
< 0.001 |
| Remnant cholesterol (mg/dL) |
−4.41 (8.71) |
−2.81* (7.26) |
0.60 +
^ (8.39) |
< 0.001 | −5.65 (8.85) |
−1.48* (7.86) |
0.61 +
^ (8.65) |
< 0.001 |
| Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements | ||||||||
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) |
−7.86 (14.34) |
−4.32* (13.46) |
0.51 +
^ (13.90) |
< 0.001 | −7.00 (13.94) |
−4.02 (15.69) |
−1.99^ (15.07) |
< 0.05 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) |
−5.02 (10.19) |
−3.57 (10.68) |
0.68 +
^ (11.31) |
< 0.001 | −3.72 (11.06) |
−4.64 (10.58) |
−0.56 + (11.14) |
< 0.05 |
| Weight (kg) |
−8.00 (4.49) |
−4.07* (1.97) |
−0.81 +
^ (2.24) |
< 0.001 | −9.16 (4.60) |
−4.83* (2.59) |
−1.15 +
^ (2.58) |
< 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate metabolism | ||||||||
| HOMA | −0.83 (1.30) |
−0.68 (1.54) |
0.12 +
^ (1.78) |
< 0.001 | −0.95 (1.22) |
−0.57* (1.29) |
−0.05 +
^ (1.71) |
< 0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) |
−9.30 (19.90) |
−5.65 (20.32) |
1.84 +
^ (18.58) |
< 0.001 | −5.92 (28.74) |
−2.98 (20.17) |
1.12^ (24.32) |
0.051 |
| HbA1c (%) |
−0.45 (0.51) |
−0.30* (0.71) |
−0.09 +
^ (0.49) |
< 0.001 | −0.36 (0.49) |
−0.14* (0.43) |
0.10 +
^ (0.58) |
< 0.001 |
| Insulin (pg/mL) |
−82.04 (132.49) |
−59.17* (130.24) |
5.55 +
^ (176.87) |
< 0.001 | −95.44 (123.25) |
−66.84* (128.61) |
−5.78 +
^ (149.81) |
< 0.001 |
| Glucagon (pg/mL) |
−78.51 (122.47) |
−31.70* (118.85) |
−6.87^ (112.42) |
< 0.001 | −69.39 (139.30) |
−47.78* (96.20) |
−14.95 +
^ (120.76) |
< 0.001 |
| C-peptide (pg/mL) |
−184.51 (354.04) |
−105.02* (277.13) |
−21.46^ (299.70) |
< 0.001 | −216.09 (296.89) |
−139.44* (295.42) |
−34.91 +
^ (336.88) |
< 0.001 |
| GLP_1 (pg/mL) |
−7.86 (86.89) |
−11.69 (93.79) |
−6.64 (73.08) |
0.620 | −12.84 (73.14) |
−25.92 (88.71) |
−13.53 (107.03) |
0.239 |
| Hormones and inflammation biomarkers | ||||||||
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) |
−36.13 (212.62) |
−4.74 (183.25) |
−25.43 (296.16) |
0.657 | −23.74 (259.87) |
8.61 (182.88) |
−26.26 (254.03) |
0.541 |
| Leptin (pg/mL) |
−1654.22 (3115.84) |
−545.42* (2525.77) |
−281.55^ (2583.37) |
< 0.001 | −1741.04 (2490.24) |
−924.76* (2237.87) |
−468.22^ (3030.65) |
< 0.001 |
| PAI_1 (pg/mL) |
−561.69 (620.62) |
−295.04* (949.65) |
−92.44^ (609.46) |
< 0.001 | −456.89 (603.42) |
−243.57* (710.70) |
−52.24 +
^ (785.81) |
< 0.001 |
| Resistin (pg/mL) |
−166.84 (1586.23) |
−137.04 (1494.89) |
−275.84 (1492.57) |
0.668 | −225.48 (1522.45) |
−40.72 (1367.82) |
−317.87 (1727.57) |
0.935 |
| Visfatin (pg/mL) |
−379.89 (695.73) |
−308.23* (1494.60) |
−136.14 ^ (571.59) |
< 0.001 | −355.01 (579.81) |
−375.96* (1571.81) |
−96.18^ (599.17) |
< 0.001 |
| hs-PCR (mg/dL) |
−0.22 (0.77) |
−0.39* (2.77) |
−0.06^ (0.42) |
< 0.05 | −0.13 (0.87) |
−0.17 (0.62) |
−0.43 (3.01) |
0.413 |