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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: Crit Rev Toxicol. 2022 Jul 13;52(3):188–220. doi: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2082918

Table 1.

Results from the physical examination and biological specimen testing of EVALI patients.

Findings References
Physical exam
Diffuse bibasilar crackles (Arter et al. 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Sharma et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chen J et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Miskoff and Chaudhri 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Villeneuve et al. 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Ayoub et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021)
Bilateral wheezes (Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Ali et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Ayoub et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Singh A 2022)
Rhonchi, use of accessory muscles and diminished but clear breath sounds bilaterally at the bases (Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Chapman et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Jankharia et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Ganne et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021)
Fever Temperature ≥38 °C (Arter et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Layden Jennifer E. et al. 2019; Aberegg, Maddock, et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chen J et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Ghinai et al. 2020; Heinzerling et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Ronald et al. 2020; Sakla et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Zou et al. 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ayoub et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021)
Tachycardia Heart rate >100 beats per minute (Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Aokage et al. 2019; Arter et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Layden Jennifer E. et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Acharya et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Aldy et al. 2020; Ansari-Gilani et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen J et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Edmonds et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Ronald et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Works and Stack 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Lim et al. 2022)
Tachypnea respiratory rate >20 breaths per minute (Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Aokage et al. 2019; Arter et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Davidson et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Layden Jennifer E. et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Acharya et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Aldy et al. 2020; Ansari-Gilani et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chapman et al. 2020; Chen J et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020); Duffy B et al. (2020); (Edmonds et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Freathy et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020); Jiang et al. (2020); (Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Lu MA et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Priemer et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Ronald et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Sakla et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Villeneuve et al. 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021; Singh A 2022)
High blood pressure (BP)> 120/80 mmHg (Alqahtani et al. 2019; Ali et al. 2020; Ansari-Gilani et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Patel et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Ayoub et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021)
White Blood Cells (WBC) count > 11000/mm3 with neutrophils predominance (>60%) (Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Aokage et al. 2019; Arter et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Davidson et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Layden Jennifer E. et al. 2019; Maddock et al. 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Sharma et al. 2019; Triantafyllou et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Aberegg, Maddock, et al. 2020; Ahmad et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Aldy et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2020; Amin et al. 2020; Ansari-Gilani et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Bozkanat et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen J et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Edmonds et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Marliere et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Messina et al. 2020); Mikheev et al. (2020); (Mughal et al. 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Priemer et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Sakla et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Works and Stack 2020; Zou et al. 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Isakov et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Munagala et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021; Vilanilam et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022; Lim et al. 2022; Podguski et al. 2022; Singh A 2022)
Inflammatory markers elevated:
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR >30 mm/hr, C reactive protein CRP> 10 mg/l
Procalcitonin >0.07 ng/ml
LDH >280 U/L
Pro-BNP >125 pg/mL		 (Aokage et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Maddock et al. 2019; Triantafyllou et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Amin et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Bozkanat et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Chen J et al. 2020; Choe et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Heinzerling et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Marliere et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Messina et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Mukhopadhyay et al. 2020; O’Carroll et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Smith et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Works and Stack 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Ayoub et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Krishnan et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022; Podguski et al. 2022; Schaffer et al. 2022; Singh A 2022)
Oxygen saturation <95% on room air or with supplemental oxygen (Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Aokage et al. 2019; Arter et al. 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Layden Jennifer E. et al. 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Sharma et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2020; Amin et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Bolona et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chapman et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Choe et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Derespina et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; El Chebib et al. 2020; Essa et al. 2020; Farooq et al. 2020; Fedt et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Kaous et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Lu MA et al. 2020; MacMurdo et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Mull, Shell, et al. 2020; Ocampo-Gonzalez and Park 2020; Odish et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Phung and Lam 2020; Priemer et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Qarajeh and Kitchen 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Sakla et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Stephens et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Villeneuve et al. 2020; Wolf and Richards 2020; Zou et al. 2020; Krishnan et al. 2021) (Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Ansari-Gilani et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Heinzerling et al. 2020; Israel et al. 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Ayoub et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Harada et al. 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; Tanz et al. 2021)
Blood Gas Analysis (BGA):
Primary respiratory alkalosis: pH≥ 7.45, PaCO2 < 35 mmHg.
Normal range BGA: pH 7.35–7.45, pCO2 35–45 mmHg, pO2 80–100 mmHg, and HCO3 22–26 mMol/L.		 (Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Landman et al. 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Sharma et al. 2019; Acharya et al. 2020; Aldy et al. 2020; Ali et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Gay et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Mull, Shell, et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Adhikari, Koritala, et al. 2021; Ahmed et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021)
Infectious diseases screening (bacteria, virus, fungi, mycobacters) = negative
Rheumatological and vasculitis serologic evaluation (ANA, ANCA, GBM-Ab, cryoglobulins, APA, RF, anti-CCPA, anti-MPO-Ab, anti-dsDNA, Anti-RNP) = negative.		 (Aftab et al. 2019; Alqahtani et al. 2019; Anderson Ryan P and Zechar Katie 2019; Blagev et al. 2019; Butt et al. 2019; Hallowell et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Layden Jennifer E. et al. 2019; Maddock et al. 2019; Salzman et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Abeles et al. 2020; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Acharya et al. 2020; Ahmad et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Alzghoul et al. 2020; Baumann et al. 2020; Baxter et al. 2020; Bharat et al. 2020; Billa et al. 2020; Carroll et al. 2020; Casanova et al. 2020; Cedano et al. 2020; Chawla and Weiler 2020; Colesar and McCollum 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Edmonds et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Galo et al. 2020; Girvin and Naidich 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Macedonia et al. 2020; Mughal et al. 2020; Mull, Shell, et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Poschenrieder et al. 2020; Priemer et al. 2020; Puebla Neira et al. 2020; Qarajeh and Kitchen 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Ayoub et al. 2021; Cruz-Vidal et al. 2021; Ganne et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Ismail et al. 2021; Kalantary et al. 2021; Khan et al. 2021; Kupelian et al. 2021; Lilley et al. 2021; Pitlick et al. 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Regmi et al. 2021; Roman et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021; Helfgott et al. 2022; Schaffer et al. 2022)
Pulmonary function test abnormal
Restrictive or obstructive pattern
(Carroll et al. 2020; Jankharia et al. 2020; Macedonia et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Messina et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Thakrar et al. 2020; Zou et al. 2020; Hassoun et al. 2021; Schaffer et al. 2022)
Urine toxicological screening positive for cannabinoids (Alqahtani et al. 2019; Kalininskiy et al. 2019; Wilhite et al. 2019; Aberegg, Cirulis, et al. 2020; Al-Abdouh et al. 2020; Blount et al. 2020; Bozkanat et al. 2020; DeCarli et al. 2020; Deliwala et al. 2020; Dicpinigaitis et al. 2020; Doukas et al. 2020; Fryman et al. 2020; Kass et al. 2020; Kinney et al. 2020; Kooragayalu et al. 2020; Lu MA et al. 2020; MacMurdo et al. 2020; Matta et al. 2020; Mull, Erdem, et al. 2020; Odish et al. 2020; Pajak et al. 2020; Perrenoud et al. 2020; Rao et al. 2020; Rodriguez et al. 2020; Sacci et al. 2020; Shields P. G. et al. 2020; Singh A et al. 2020; Temas and Meyer 2020; Werner et al. 2020; Harada et al. 2021; Hassoun et al. 2021; Hoshina 2021; Reddy et al. 2021; Sangani et al. 2021; Wekon-Kemeni et al. 2021)

Abbreviations: ANA antinuclear antibodies, ANCA Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, GBM-Ab Anti–glomerular basement membrane antibodies, APA anti-phospholipid antibodies, RF rheumatoid factor anti–CCPA Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies, anti MPO-Ab Myeloperoxidase-antibodies, anti-dsDNA Anti-double stranded DNA, Anti-RNP anti ribonucleoprotein.