Table 3.
Description of the different categories of barriers to cervical cancer screening in low-to-middle-income countries
| Number of articles by continent N = 79 | Barrier categories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continents | n | Individual | Social | Cultural/traditional/religious | Health system | Structural |
| Africa | 48 | 44 (55.6%) | 19 (24%) | 26 (32.9%) | 32 (40.5%) | 30 (37.9%) |
| Asia | 17 | 16 (20.2%) | 3 (3.7%) | 4 (5%) | 9 (11.3%) | 3 (3.7%) |
| North America | 4 | 3 (3.7%) | 2 (2.5%) | – | 1(1.2%) | 2 (2.5%) |
| South America | 7 | 5 (6.3%) | 2 (2.5%) | 2 (2.5%) | 5 (6.3%) | 6 (7.5%) |
| Oceania | 1 | – | – | – | 1(1.2%) | 1 (1.2%) |
| Europe | 2 | 2 (2.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | – | 1(1.2%) | – |
| Total | 79 | 70a (88.6%) | 27a (34.1%) | 32a (40.5%) | 49a (62%) | 42a (53.1%) |
aTotal number of articles that described Individual, Social, Cultural/traditional/religious, Health system and Structural barriers