Table 1.
NYC Zipcode-Based Covariates and Multiple Logistic Regression of Outcomes (Total Cigarette Packs, Total Packs of Menthol Cigarettes, and Percent Menthol) by Borough
| Covariate predictors 1 |
Brooklyn
Mean (SD) OR (95% CI) |
Bronx
Mean (SD) OR (95% CI) |
Manhattan
Mean (SD) OR (95% CI) |
Queens
Mean (SD) (REF) |
Mean Covariate OR (p)* |
Borough Bivariate OR (p)* |
Covariate Deviance χ2 (df) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Smoker2 | 15.4 (3.1) | 17.6 (3.8) | 14.4 (2.4) | 17.4 (5.9) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 0.90** | 0.41* | 1.04*** | (REF) | 0.98* | 1.03* | 47.4 (4) |
| CI | (0.88; 0.93) | (0.39; 0.42) | (1.01; 1.07) | (0.96; 1.00) | (1.01; 1.06) | ||
| TRO density3 | 1.0 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.5) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 0.01*** | 0.04*** | 1.04 | (REF) | 1.08 | 1.23* | 41.0 (4) |
| CI | (0.01; 0.01) | (0.04; 0.05) | (0.85; 1.27) | (0.92; 1.25) | (1.01; 1.49) | ||
| TRO count4 | 85.7 (30.1) | 73.6 (11.8) | 51.5 (14.5) | 58.8 (18.1) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 1.09*** | 1.49** | 1.02 | (REF) | 1.01* | 0.91* | 31.4 (4) |
| CI | (1.09; 1.10) | (1.48; 1.50) | (1.01; 1.02) | (1.00; 1.01) | (0.83; 0.99) | ||
| %<Age 185,* | 22.2 (3.2) | 24.0 (3.4) | 15.2 (4.4) | 17.0 (3.2) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 0.72* | 43.33** | 1.20* | (REF) | 1.02 | 1.02 | 21.8 (4) |
| CI | (0.66; 0.78) | (39.98; 46.95) | (1.11; 1.30) | (0.99; 1.05) | (0.97; 1.08) | ||
| % Foreign born5,* | 44.8 (12.2) | 42.1 (7.0) | 34.6 (13.8) | 57.4 (12.5) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 1.09*** | 0.57*** | 1.08* | (REF) | 1.02* | 0.99* | 20.3 (4) |
| CI | (1.08; 1.11) | (0.56; 0.58) | (1.06; 1.09) | (1.01; 1.03) | (0.98; 1.00) | ||
| % Black5* | 35.6 (29.3) | 21.8 (11.7) | 13.1 (15.2) | 9.5 (18.0) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 0.98* | 1.13* | 1 | (REF) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 14.6 (4) |
| CI | (0.97; 0.99) | (1.12; 1.14) | (0.99; 1.01) | (1.00; 1.01) | (1.00; 1.00) | ||
| % FPL < 2002,6,* | 57.2 (8.5) | 59.8 (16.7) | 36.1 (16.6) | 43.6 (15.2) | |||
| OR (REF: Queens) | 0.99 | 0.48** | 0.94* | (REF) | 0.99* | 1.01 | 11.4 (4) |
| CI | (0.98; 1.01) | (0.48; 0.49) | (0.93; 0.96) | (0.97; 1.00) | (1.00; 1.02) |
| Model outcomes | Mean Fitted BIC (df) |
Borough Fitted BIC (df) |
Model Deviance △ (df) χ2 (df) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total packs | 81.7 (94.0) | 94.4 (111.4) | 77.1 (87.1) | 53.3 (36.8) | 75.71 | 75.71 | |
| OR (REF: Queens) | 28.40 | 41.12* | 23.79 | (REF) | 1898.72 | 1924.17 | 10.07 (7) |
| CI | (−8.50; 65.29) | (4.48; 77.76) | (−13.11; 60.69) | 9 | 16 | p = .185 | |
| Menthol packs | 17.6 (21.6) | 20.2 (23.1) | 15.3 (14.5) | 13.4 (9.9) | 16.48 | 16.48 | |
| OR (REF: Queens) | 4.15 | 6.75 | 1.89 | (REF) | 1402.704 | 1426.962 | 11.27 (7) |
| CI | (−3.55; 11.85) | (−0.89; 14.40) | (−5.81; 9.59) | 9 | 16 | p = .127 | |
| Menthol | 27.97 (16.7) | 30.08 (20.6) | 24.41 (8.8) | 27.09 (11.5) | 22.7 | 22.7 | |
| OR (REF: Queens) | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.74 | (REF) | 1281.24 | 1271.076 | 45.69 (5) |
| CI | (0.59; 1.13) | (0.57; 1.14) | (0.52; 1.04) | 11 | 16 | p < .001 |
1Presented in descending order of impact on model fit (left to right), evaluated versus likelihood ratio χ2 (df). Confidence intervals are at 95% level.
2Data from the NYC Community Health Survey.
3TRO Density = number of TROs per 1000 population (outlet data from NYC Department of Consumer Affairs).
4TRO Count = total number of tobacco retail outlets in the surrounding zip code (outlet data from NYC Department of Consumer Affairs).
5Data from the American Community Survey.
6FPL < 200 = percent below 200% of the federal poverty level.
Significance levels: *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.
Bold values indicates odds ratio (OR) for the relationship between each covariate and the proportion of menthol packs on display in each TRO.