Figure 1.

Schematic representation of microbial β-glucuronidases (gmGUS) Pathophysiology. gmGUS plays critical role in the enterohepatic recycling of toxic substances (e.g, anticancer drugs, opioids, dietary carcinogens) and endogenous substrates (ENS) (e.g, estrogen, androgen, serotonin, bilirubin, and dopamine etc.). Elevated gmGUS activity due to dysbiosis of the gut microbiome associated with colon cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and drug-induced intestinal injury led to increase systemic and gut levels of ENS and increase toxic compounds exposure to colonocytes and subsequent epithelial damage.