Table 5.

Therapeutic strategies in preclinical studies that reduce AKI induced by HPs

• Vasodilators (27,28,32,33,51)

• Bicarbonate (27,76)

• Antioxidants (28,48,49,50,52)

• Curcumin (53,114)

• Haptoglobin (94,95)

• Hemopexin (74)

• α1-microglobulin (83,97)

• Hepcidin (99)

• Ferritin (106)

• Iron-binding agents (49)

• Inhibitors of megalin (18)

• Inhibitors of complement (74,75)

• Anti-inflammatory compounds (60,62,63,70,71,73)

• Acetaminophen (51)

• Erythropoietin (72)

• Inducers of HO-1/HO products (9,106–108)

• Activators of Nrf2 (111–115)

• Preconditioning (115,116)

• Mesenchymal stromal cells and extracellular vesicles (118)

HPs, heme proteins.