TABLE 2.

Association between physicians' working hours (overtime at main hospital and side work) and health outcomes.

			N = 2823	Outcome observed	Univariate				Model 1 a				Model 2 b
Outcome variables	Explanatory variables		%	%	OR	95% CI		P	OR	95% CI		P	OR	95% CI		P
Severe or very severe depressive symptoms
(QIDS ≥ 16)	Overtime at main hospital	0–39	67.5%	1.3%	Reference			<.001	Reference			<.001	Reference			<.001 c
		40–79	22.0%	4.0%	3.29	1.86	5.80	<.001	2.92	1.62	5.28	<.001	2.79	1.55	5.05	.001
		≥80	10.5%	7.7%	6.58	3.66	11.81	<.001	4.67	2.47	8.82	<.001	4.24	2.22	8.09	<.001
	Side work hours	0–39	86.8%	2.2%	Reference			.005	Reference			.013	Reference			.084 c
		40–79	8.8%	4.8%	2.26	1.19	4.28	.013	2.33	1.18	4.58	.015	1.78	0.89	3.54	.102
		≥80	4.4%	4.8%	2.24	0.94	5.30	.068	2.08	0.83	5.23	.118	1.73	0.68	4.42	.252
Thoughts of death or suicide	Overtime at main hospital	0–39	67.5%	3.2%	Reference			<.001	Reference			.001	Reference			.001 c
		40–79	22.0%	5.2%	1.64	1.06	2.54	.026	1.63	1.04	2.56	.035	1.57	1.00	2.48	.050
		≥80	10.5%	8.4%	2.77	1.71	4.50	<.001	2.56	1.53	4.31	<.001	2.40	1.42	4.06	.001
	Side work hours	0–39	86.8%	3.8%	Reference			.026	Reference			.030	Reference			.090 c
		40–79	8.8%	6.5%	1.73	1.00	2.99	.050	1.80	1.02	3.20	.044	1.56	0.87	2.78	.134
		≥80	4.4%	6.4%	1.71	0.81	3.61	.157	1.76	0.80	3.87	.158	1.59	0.72	3.51	.251

^a Adjusted for sex, age, specialty, working days per week, and number of annual paid leave days actually obtained (days per year).

^b In addition to model 1, the model includes overtime at main hospital and side work hours as covariates.

^c P for trend.