Table 1.
Study demographics
| Authors (yr) | Study Design | Country | Study Size | Age Range, yr | Mean Age, yr | Ethnicity/Race, % White | Stage of CKD | Months since Diagnosis (SD) | Hemodialysis, n | Peritoneal Dialysis, n | Months on Dialysis (SD) | Kidney Transplantation, n | Months since Kidney Transplantation (SD) | Age at Kidney Transplantation, yr (SD) | Dialysis before Kidney Transplantation | Months on Dialysis Prekidney Transplantation (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ølgaard et al. (1975) (38) | Cross-sectional | Denmark | 20 | 14–58 | HD group: 36; PD group: 40 | NR | 5d | — | 10 | 10 | 19 (range, 0.5–50) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Bierman and Nolan (1977) (36) | RCS | United States | 23 | 13–43 | 24 | NR | 5d | 4.4 | — | — | 9.5 (NR) | 23 | — | 23.7 (NR) | Yes, n=23 HD | — |
| Morley et al. (1979) (24) | RCS | South Africa | 22 | 17–37 | 27 | NR | 5d | — | 17 | — | — | 5 | 24.2 (NR) | — | Unclear | — |
| Lim et al. (1980) (58) | Cross-sectional | United States | 24 | 18–59 | — | NR | 5d | — | 24 | — | Range, 6–48 | — | ||||
| Gómez et al. (1980) (41) | Cross-sectional | Switzerland | 23 | 19–66 | 44 | NR | 5d | — | 23 | — | 16 (2) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Weizman et al. (1983) (51) | Cross-sectional | Israel | 21 | 20–53 | 37 | NR | 5d | — | 21 | — | 21.6 (9.8) | — | — | — | — | — |
| El-Sheikh et al. (1987) (28) | RCS | United Kingdom | 48 | 20–66 | 46 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 48 | — | — | Yes, unclear what type | |
| Schover et al. (1990) (59) | Cross-sectional | United Kingdom | 36 | — | 40 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 36 | 38.4 (NR) | — | Yes; n=31 HD, n=5 PD | HD group: 19.0 (22.2); PD group: 10.0 (5.6) |
| Bianchi et al. (1992) (21) | Cross-sectional | Italy | 36 | — | 47 | NR | Stage 3 (n=13), stage 4 (n=13), stage 5 (n=10) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Otieno et al. (1993) (22) | PCS | Kenya | 40 | — | 29 | NR | 5d | — | 13 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Milde et al. (1996) (78) | Cross-sectional | United States | 56 | 25–86 | 53 | 95 | 5d | n=56 <36 (NR) | 41 | 15 | n=38 >36 (NR) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cochrane and Regan (1997) (5) | PCS | United Kingdom | 100 | 17–70 | 39 | NR | 5d | — | 17 | 9 | — | 44 | — | — | Unclear | — |
| Holley et al. (1997) (42) | RCS | United States | 76 | 15–59 | 42 | 59 | 5d | — | 52 | 24 | 54 (50.4) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kim et al. (1998) (31) | RCS | South Korea | 72 | 14–54 | 38 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 72 | 40.2 (29.7) | 34.6 (8.8) | Yes, unclear what type | 27.0 (31.9) |
| Kawashima et al. (1998) (55) | RCS | Japan | 25 | 24–48 | 38 | NR | 5d | — | 25 | — | 53.4 (range, 7–144) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Rush et al. (2000) (39) | RCS | United States | 102 | 26–88 | 56 | 15 | 5d | — | 102 | — | 49.2 (4.8) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Weisinger et al. (2000) (47) | Cross-sectional | Venezuela | 74 | — | 37 | NR | 5d | 86.9 (69.4) | 74 | — | 56.9 (43.3) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Jang et al. (2001) (43) | Cross-sectional | Australia | 48 | 20–84 | 56 | NR | 5d | — | 48 | — | 46.8 (range, 1–204) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Shanmugavadivoo and Shaariah (2003) (40) | RCS | Malaysia | 137 | — | — | 0 | 5d | — | 72 | 65 | 33.3 (range, 2–216) | — | — | — | ||
| Kramer et al. (September 2003) (48) | RCS | United States | 41 | — | 37 | 76 | 5d | — | — | — | — | 41 | n=24 >60 (NR); n=17 <60 (NR) | 30.1 (9.6) | Unclear | — |
| Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska et al. (2004) (17) | Cross-sectional | Poland | 75 | — | 35 | NR | 5d | — | 75 | — | 32 (30) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kramer et al. (March 2003) (37) | Cross-sectional | United States | 238 | 47–89 | 70 | 66 | 5d | — | 238 | — | 38.4 (39.6) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Di Iorio et al. (2004) (57) | Cross-sectional | Italy | 1256 | 25–84 | 63 | NR | 5d | — | 1256 | — | 62.2 (61.4) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yücel et al. (2004) (53) | RCS | Turkey | 32 | 25–65 | 44 | NR | 5d | — | 32 | — | 86.4 (range, 24–231) | — | — | — | — | |
| Pezeshki et al. (2004) (25) | Case-control | Iran | 50 | — | 28 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 50 | — | — | Unclear | — |
| Guazzelli et al. (2008) (29) | RCS | Brazil | 197 | 28–44 | 36 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | 197 | 108 | 32.7 (8.8) | Yes, unclear what type | — | |
| Song et al. (2008) (69) | Case-control | South Korea | 38 | — | 46 | NR | 5d | — | 38 | — | 98 (range, 12–264) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Filocamo et al. (2009) (54) | PCS | Italy | 39 | — | 36 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 39 | 16 (range, 13–46) | — | Yes, n=39 HD | 18 (range, 12–36) |
| Karayalcin et al. (2010) (30) | RCS | Turkey | 50 | 18–52 | 34 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 50 | 52.8 (50.9) | — | Yes, unclear what type | 23.5 (11.2) |
| Arikan et al. (2011) (44) | RCS | Turkey | 30 | 15–45 | 34 | NR | 5d | — | 30 | — | 75.6 (182.2) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Koca et al. (2012) (32) | RCS | Turkey | 117 | — | HD group: 41; PD group: 40; KT group: 37 | NR | 5d | — | 39 | 43 | HD group: 50.4 (39.6); PD group: 56.4 (52.8) | 35 | 36.0 (45.6) | — | Yes, unclear what type | 38.4 (30) |
| van Eps et al. (2012) (79) | PCS | Australia | 7 | — | 41 | NR | 5d | — | 7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Yu et al. (2013) (26) | RCS | China | 42 | 25–45 | 29 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 42 | — | — | Yes, unclear what type | 16.0 (range, 1–27 mo) |
| Al-Turki et al. (2014) (35) | Cross-sectional | Saudi Arabia | 40 | 19–90 | 52 | NR | 5d | — | 40 | — | >60 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Cheung et al. (2015) (18) | RCS | United States | 1007 | — | 69 | 50 | Unclear | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Chakhtoura et al. (2015) (23) | RCS | France | 129 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 102 | — | — | Yes, unclear what type | — | ||
| Teuwafeu et al. (2016) (50) | Cross-sectional | Cameroon | 52 | 18–69 | 38 | NR | 5d | — | 52 | — | Median: 36.0 (IQR, 16–60) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Lin et al. (2016) (34) | Cross-sectional | China | 165 | 14–44 | 35 | NR | 5d | HD group: 57 (21); PD group: 54 (18); KT group: 56 (19) | 86 | 43 | HD group: 52 (8.9); PD group: 48.5 (11.3) | 36 | — | — | Yes, unclear what type | KT group: 49.8 (10.2) |
| Sikora-Grabka et al. (2018) (15) | PCS | Poland | 10 | 31–37 | 34 | NR | 5d | 167 (95% CI, 74 to 258) | — | — | — | — | — | — | Yes, n=8 HD, n=2 PD | Median: 28.6 (95% CI, 11 to 46) |
| Gonçalves et al. (2019) (68) | Cross-sectional | Portugal | 31 | 20–72 | 49 | NR | 5d | 156 (NR) | — | — | — | 31 | Range, 6–60 (NR) | — | Yes, n=105 HD, n=20 PD, n=8 both HD and PD | 52.8 (NR) |
| Yaprak et al. (2019) (52) | RCS | Turkey | 33 | — | 34 | NR | 5d | — | — | — | — | 33 | 29.7 (6.3) | Yes, n=17 HD, n=10 PD | Median: 21.5 (IQR, 6–105) | |
| Fayed et al. (2019) (45) | PCS | Egypt | 60 | 20–35 | 30 | NR | 5d | 79 (42) | 60 | — | 26.9 (8.8) | — | — | — | — | |
| Ramesh et al. (2020) (60) | PCS | Canada | 476 | — | 60 | 75 | 5d | — | 476 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Serret-Montoya et al. (2020) (20) | PCS | Mexico | 57 | 12–17 | 15 (median) | NR | Stage 4 (n=13), stage 5 (n=44); n=34/44 receiving dialysis | Median: 14 (range, 1–144) | 25 | 19 | Median: 16 (range, 3–60) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Kim et al. (2020) (19) | PCS | United States | 145 | 1–16 | NR | 0 | G2, G3a, G3b, unclear n for each | Median: 168 (IQR, 96–180) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Dines et al. (2021) (27) | Cross-sectional | United States | 190 | 18–44 | NR | 78 | 5d | — | — | — | — | 190 | — | — | Unclear | Unclear |
HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; NR, not reported; —, not reported; RCS, retrospective cohort study; PCS, prospective cohort study; KT, kidney transplantation; IQR, interquartile range; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.