Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study sample.
| Outcome | Statistic | Neutral insole first (AB) group (N = up to 31) |
Lateral wedge first (BA) group (N = up to 30) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # of observations | Observed data only | Observed & Imputed (N = 31 in all cases) | # of observations | Observed data only | Observed & Imputed (N = 30 in all cases) | ||
| Females | frequency (%) | 31 | 10 (32.26) | – | 30 | 13 (43.33) | – |
| Age at screening visit | mean (SD) | 31 | 64.65 (9.35) | – | 30 | 64.37 (8.33) | – |
| BMI at screening visit | mean (SD) | 30 | 28.24 (3.47) | – | 30 | 28.33 (3.42) | – |
| Total time ActivPAL monitor worn for (days) | median (IQR) | 31 | 6.97 (6.89–7.00) | 6.97 (6.89–7.00) | 27 | 6.98 (6.87–7.00) | 6.98 (6.82–7.00) |
| Total Steps taken | median (IQR) | 31 | 52548.00 (34378.00–65728.00) | 52548.00 (34378.00–65728.00) | 27 | 48064.00 (32084.00–59730.00) | 48684.80 (39800.60–59609.40) |
| Time spent sedentary (lying/sitting) (hrs) | median (IQR) | 31 | 124.37 (119.55–132.69) | 124.37 (119.55–132.69) | 27 | 127.09 (112.99–134.88) | 126.76 (114.79–133.91) |
| Time spent standing (hrs) | median (IQR) | 31 | 29.20 (18.76–33.84) | 29.20 (18.76–33.84) | 27 | 28.19 (21.27–36.49) | 28.89 (21.57–35.95) |
| Time spent walking (hrs) | median (IQR) | 31 | 11.60 (7.64–13.77) | 11.60 (7.64–13.77) | 27 | 11.07 (7.27–12.88) | 10.96 (7.80–12.88) |
| Upright time (hrs) | median (IQR) | 31 | 39.38 (29.85–45.84) | 39.38 (29.85–45.84) | 27 | 37.75 (31.45–51.19) | 39.30 (31.95–48.69) |
| Total energy expenditure (MetH) | median (IQR) | 31 | 232.86 (225.15–239.35) | 232.86 (225.15–239.35) | 27 | 232.28 (225.83–235.33) | 230.93 (225.63–235.55) |
| Walking speed (km/h) | median (IQR) | 31 | 3.18 (3.00–3.51) | 3.18 (3.00–3.51) | 27 | 3.21 (3.03–3.33) | 3.20 (3.03–3.35) |
| Total number of ‘rapid’ steps takena | median (IQR) | 31 | 13103.00 (7777.00–21821.00) | 13103.00 (7777.00–21821.00) | 27 | 12558.00 (8842.00–16321.00) | 12786.60 (8934.20–17599.80) |
| Total number of ‘brisk’ steps taken∗∗ | median (IQR) | 31 | 10049.00 (5795.00–16441.00) | 10049.00 (5795.00–16441.00) | 27 | 8763.00 (7536.00–11720.00) | 8919.80 (7293.10–12051.20) |
| Pain in last week | mean (SD) | 31 | 4.94 (1.95) | 4.94 (1.95) | 30 | 5.23 (1.33) | 5.23 (1.33) |
| Pain in nominated activity | mean (SD) | 31 | 6.03 (1.83) | 6.03 (1.83) | 30 | 6.00 (1.58) | 6.00 (1.58) |
| KOOS pain subscale score† | mean (SD) | 31 | 54.93 (16.91) | 54.93 (16.91) | 30 | 55.56 (12.51) | 55.56 (12.51) |
| KOOS symptom subscale score† | mean (SD) | 31 | 56.68 (19.47) | – | 28 | 57.91 (16.10) | – |
| KOOS ADL subscale score† | mean (SD) | 31 | 63.66 (18.10) | – | 29 | 62.12 (13.40) | – |
| KOOS sports and recreation subscale score† | mean (SD) | 28 | 47.14 (27.77) | – | 24 | 43.96 (19.56) | – |
| KOOS QoL subscale score† | mean (SD) | 31 | 40.12 (19.15) | – | 30 | 40.21 (16.22) | – |
Variables denoted with a dash (−) were not included in the imputation model.
‘Observed & Imputed’ column presents descriptive statistics estimated from the imputation datasets. Medians were estimated with simultaneous quantile regression.
a
‛Rapid step’ defined as a step taken at a rate ≥ 100 steps/min; ∗∗'brisk step’ defined as a step taken at a speed ≥ 1.2 m/s; †KOOS subscales are reverse-scored from 100 to 0 - Increases represent improvement; decreases represent worsening; ADL = Activities of Daily Living; QoL = Quality of Life.