Table 3.

Results of survival analyses of the associations of adverse childhood experience (ACE) with premature mortality.

	ACE Class	Continuous ACE Score	Categorical ACE Score	ACE Class + Continuous ACE Score
	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)
ACE Class
Class 1: Low Adversity	1	··	··	1
Class 2: Parental Harshness & Neglect	1·16 (0·91, 1·48)	··	··	1·00 (0·76, 1·30)
Class 3: Family Instability	1·28 (1·07, 1·53)	··	··	1·16 (0·95, 1·41)
Class 4: Poverty & Crowded Housing	1·41 (1·24, 1·62)	··	··	1·28 (1·10, 1·49)
Class 5: Poverty & Parental Separation	1·50 (1·33, 1·68)	··	··	1·23 (1·02, 1·48)
Continuous ACE score		1·08 (1·05, 1·10)		1·05 (1·01, 1·08)
Categorical ACE score
0 ACE	··	··	1	··
1 ACE	··	··	1·09 (0·98, 1·20)	··
2 ACEs	··	··	1·27 (1·14, 1·41)	··
3 ACEs	··	··	1·29 (1·15, 1·45)	··
≥4 ACEs	··	··	1·45 (1·30, 1·61)	··
Offspring Age in 1979	1·10 (1·08, 1·12)	1·10 (1·08, 1·12)	1·10 (1·08, 1·12)	1·10 (1·08, 1·12)
Sex
Female	1	1	1	1
Male	1·84 (1·71, 1·97)	1·83 (1·71, 1·97)	1·83 (1·71, 1·97)	1·84 (1·71, 1·97)
Race
White	1	1	1	1
Black	1·40 (1·29, 1·52)	1·45 (1·33, 1·57)	1·45 (1·34, 1·58)	1·42 (1·30, 1·54)
Other	0·92 (0·78, 1·08)	0·99 (0·84, 1·16)	1·00 (0·85, 1·17)	0·96 (0·81, 1·12)
Parent education
High school or higher	1	1	1	1
Lower than high school	1·19 (1·10, 1·29)	1·21 (1·12, 1·31)	1·20 (1·11, 1·30)	1·19 (1·10, 1·29)
Parent occupation
Non-manual occupation	1	1	1	1
Manual occupation or unemployed	1·23 (1·12, 1·35)	1·24 (1·13, 1·37)	1·24 (1·13, 1·36)	1·23 (1·12, 1·35)
Maternal age
20-30 years old	1	1	1	1
<20 years old	1·01 (0·93, 1·10)	1·00 (0·92, 1·09)	1·01 (0·93, 1·10)	1·01 (0·93, 1·10)
>30 years old	1·06 (0·97, 1·16)	1·06 (0·96, 1·16)	1·05 (0·96, 1·15)	1·05 (0·96, 1·16)

Note: N=45 178 for covariate-adjusted models. HR = hazard ratio. CI = confidence interval. ACE = adverse childhood experience.