TABLE 1.
Biological and nutritional characteristics for women of reproductive age (15–49 years) with normal weight to overweight or obesity by survey in the BRINDA project1
| CIC2 | Country, survey year | n | BMI, kg/m2, mean (95% CI) | Overweight or obesity,3 % (95% CI) | CRP, mg/L mean (95% CI) | AGP, g/L mean (95% CI) | Any inflammation,4 % (95% CI) | Ferritin,5 µg/L mean (95% CI) | Iron deficiency,6 % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Afghanistan, 2013 | 571 | 25.1 (24.6, 25.6) | 42.0 (35.9, 48.1) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.7) | 18.1 (13.9, 22.4) | 24.1 (20.4, 27.8) | 30.2 (23.3, 37.1) |
| Burkina Faso, 2010 | 61 | 20.8 (20.0, 21.7) | 3.1 (0.0, 7.8) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 74.5 (63.5, 85.5) | 31.9 (25.6, 38.3) | 14.0 (2.9, 25.1) | |
| Cambodia, 2014 | 609 | 22.9 (22.5, 23.3) | 22.5 (17.1, 27.9) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | 35.9 (25.9, 45.8) | 57.8 (54.5, 61.1) | 3.5 (1.8, 5.2) | |
| Côte d'Ivoire, 2007 | 706 | 23.5 (23.1, 23.8) | 26.0 (22.3, 29.8) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 31.9 (27.9, 35.9) | 26.7 (24.4, 29.0) | 23.4 (19.6, 27.3) | |
| Laos, 2006 | 690 | 22.4 (22.0, 22.8) | 17.1 (12.5, 21.7) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.7) | 14.1 (10.8, 17.4) | 28.9 (23.3, 34.5) | 28.7 (22.0, 35.5) | |
| Malawi, 2016 | 594 | 22.5 (22.1, 23.0) | 17.2 (13.3, 22.0) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) | 11.7 (8.4, 15.1) | 33.0 (30.3, 35.7) | 14.1 (10.3, 17.9) | |
| Low-middle | Cameroon, 2009 | 594 | 24.7 (24.3, 25.1) | 39.0 (34.4, 43.6) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | 16.3 (13.2, 19.4) | 25.7 (24.3, 27.0) | 19.2 (15.6, 22.7) |
| Georgia, 2009 | 1605 | 26.0 (25.6, 26.3) | 46.3 (43.2, 49.5) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.4) | — | 30.6 (27.5, 33.7) | 99.2 (93.9,104.4) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.0) | |
| India, 2011 | 147 | 21.5 (20.9, 22.0) | 12.9 (6.2, 19.7) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 21.1 (15.4, 26.8) | 10.8 (9.3, 12.3) | 63.9 (57.8, 70.1) | |
| Nigeria, 2012 | 506 | 24.2 (23.6, 24.7) | 35.2 (29.5, 40.9) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | 25.7 (21.6, 29.8) | 31.3 (28.3, 34.3) | 17.0 (12.8, 21.2) | |
| Pakistan, 2011 | 5004 | 24.4 (24.2, 24.5) | 36.5 (34.6, 38.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 32.5 (30.8, 34.3) | 18.4 (17.8, 19.0) | 42.1 (40.3, 44.0) | |
| Vietnam, 2010 | 1178 | 21.7 (21.6, 21.9) | 10.0 (8.2, 11.8) | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) | — | 7.1 (5.9, 8.4) | 37.6 (34.6, 40.7) | 17.9 (15.1, 20.7) | |
| Upper-middle | Azerbaijan, 2013 | 2528 | 26.8 (26.5, 27.1) | 57.3 (54.7, 59.8) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 34.9 (32.5, 37.4) | 16.2 (15.3, 17.1) | 44.3 (41.7, 46.8) |
| Colombia, 2010 | 8300 | 25.2 (25.1, 25.3) | 44.4 (43.0, 45.8) | 0.4 (0.4, 0.4) | — | 22.1 (20.9, 23.4) | 26.2 (25.5, 26.9) | 24.4 (23.1, 25.6) | |
| Mexico, 2006 | 2910 | 27.7 (27.4, 28.1) | 65.3 (62.4, 68.3) | 1.9 (1.8, 2.0) | — | 24.8 (22.2, 27.3) | 18.0 (16.7, 19.3) | 35.8 (32.7, 38.9) | |
| Mexico, 2012 | 3540 | 28.7 (28.3, 29.1) | 72.0 (69.0, 75.1) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | — | 21.2 (18.6, 23.9) | 15.3 (14.3, 16.3) | 42.7 (39.3, 46.1) | |
| High | United Kingdom, 2014 | 862 | 26.5 (25.9, 27.1) | 49.6 (44.5, 54.8) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | — | 16.0 (12.8, 19.2) | 23.5 (21.6, 25.4) | 28.9 (24.4, 33.3) |
| United States, 2006 | 3024 | 27.9 (27.4, 28.5) | 56.3 (52.7, 59.9) | 1.8 (1.7, 1.9) | — | 26.3 (24.1, 28.5) | 28.6 (27.5, 29.8) | 20.8 (18.7, 22.8) |
CRP, AGP, and ferritin values are presented as geometric means (95% CIs) due to nonnormal distributions. All estimates account for survey design variables (cluster, strata, weight). A dash (—) indicates the variable was unavailable in that survey. The inclusion criteria were having a BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2, not being pregnant, and having a negative malaria test result. AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein; BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; CIC, country income classification; CRP, C-reactive protein.
CIC was defined according to the World Bank definition for the year in which the survey was conducted (38).
Having overweight or obesity was defined as having a BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2.
Any inflammation was defined as CRP > 5 mg/L or AGP > 1 g/L.
Ferritin was measured in plasma or serum, as reported in the survey.
Iron deficiency was defined as having a serum or plasma ferritin concentration < 15 µg/L, adjusted for inflammation using the BRINDA regression correction approach (2).