TABLE 2.
Biological and nutritional characteristics for preschool-aged children (6–59 months) with normal weight to overweight or obesity by survey in the BRINDA project1
| CIC2 | Country, survey year | n | BAZ, mean (95% CI) | Overweight or obesity,3 % (95% CI) | CRP, mg/L mean (95% CI) | AGP, g/L mean (95% CI) | Any inflammation,4 % (95% CI) | Ferritin,5 µg/L, mean (95% CI) | Iron deficiency,6 % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | Afghanistan, 2013 | 595 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) | 7.1 (3.8, 10.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 10.7 (7.1, 14.3) | 21.7 (18.9, 24.4) | 30.3 (25.8, 34.9) |
| Bangladesh, 2010 | 1179 | −0.6 (−0.7, −0.5) | 2.1 (1.3, 2.9) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 34.4 (30.8, 38.1) | 23.8 (22.2, 25.4) | 25.1 (21.7, 28.6) | |
| Bangladesh, 2012 | 368 | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) | 4.3 (1.1, 7.6) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 27.8 (20.0, 35.5) | 25.0 (21.7, 28.3) | 18.8 (11.2, 26.4) | |
| Burkina Faso, 2010 | 63 | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.3) | 1.5 (0, 5.2) | 4.9 (2.9, 6.9) | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7) | 92.4 (87.0, 97.7) | 32.2 (25.1, 39.3) | 16.3 (0.9, 31.8) | |
| Cambodia, 2014 | 599 | −0.4 (−0.5, −0.4) | 0.8 (0, 1.7) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 38.5 (30.5, 46.5) | 43.8 (41.5, 46.1) | 8.0 (5.8, 10.1) | |
| Côte d'Ivoire, 2007 | 435 | 0.1 (0.0, 0.2) | 6.2 (3.7, 8.6) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.4) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.1) | 59.3 (54.3, 64.3) | 15.4 (14.0, 16.8) | 48.6 (44.0, 53.3) | |
| Kenya, 2007 | 665 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 4.2 (2.5, 5.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (1.1, 1.1) | 59.4 (54.6, 64.2) | 7.0 (6.5, 7.6) | 80.0 (76.7, 83.3) | |
| Kenya, 2010 | 551 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | 4.5 (3.0, 6.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 47.9 (42.0, 53.8) | 10.7 (9.8, 11.7) | 64.4 (59.9, 69.0) | |
| Laos, 2006 | 443 | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.1) | 0.7 (0, 1.7) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 43.2 (35.7, 50.8) | 21.2 (18.7, 23.8) | 32.1 (27.5, 36.6) | |
| Liberia, 2011 | 956 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0) | 2.5 (1.4, 3.7) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 50.4 (45.9, 54.8) | 12.3 (11.4, 13.2) | 58.4 (54.1, 62.7) | |
| Malawi, 2016 | 748 | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) | 5.3 (2.9, 7.8) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.1) | 49.0 (42.5, 55.6) | 24.2 (21.2, 27.2) | 25.7 (18.4, 33.1) | |
| Mongolia, 2006 | 239 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 10.5 (6.9, 15.1) | — | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 24.7 (19.4, 30.7) | 11.9 (10.4, 13.4) | 55.7 (49.1, 62.1) | |
| Nicaragua, 2005 | 946 | −0.9 (−1.0, −0.7) | 5.1 (3.5, 6.8) | — | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 26.9 (21.3, 32.6) | 13.4 (12.3, 14.5) | 60.1 (54.3, 65.9) | |
| Zambia, 2009 | 330 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | 6.1 (2.8, 9.3) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 70.3 (66.5, 74.1) | 27.8 (25.0, 30.6) | 24.2 (16.0, 32.5) | |
| Low-middle | Cameroon, 2009 | 556 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) | 4.2 (2.0, 6.3) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 37.7 (32.7, 42.7) | 17.3 (16.0, 18.5) | 37.6 (33.5, 41.7) |
| Georgia, 2009 | 2064 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.1) | 19.6 (16.7, 22.6) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | — | 24.6 (21.7, 27.5) | 124.3 (118.9,129.8) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) | |
| Nigeria, 2012 | 303 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | 11.6 (5.9, 17.2) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) | 56.1 (49.1, 63.1) | 22.6 (20.5, 24.7) | 25.4 (19.0, 31.9) | |
| Pakistan, 2011 | 5824 | −0.1 (−0.1, 0) | 5.5 (4.8, 6.2) | — | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) | 35.6 (34.0, 37.2) | 11.7 (11.3, 12.2) | 59.7 (58.1, 61.4) | |
| Philippines, 2011 | 1656 | −0.1 (−0.2, 0) | 2.1 (1.0, 3.3) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) | 25.9 (22.3, 29.4) | 14.8 (13.8, 15.7) | 45.0 (41.4, 48.6) | |
| Vietnam, 2010 | 344 | −0.1 (−0.3, 0) | 4.1 (2.0, 6.2) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | — | 11.9 (9.2, 14.6) | 24.9 (22.6, 27.1) | 24.4 (19.5, 29.3) | |
| Upper-middle | Azerbaijan, 2013 | 987 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 15.6 (12.7, 18.5) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) | 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) | 30.8 (27.0, 34.6) | 20.4 (19.1, 21.7) | 29.1 (25.0, 33.2) |
| Colombia, 2010 | 7753 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.4) | 3.9 (3.1, 4.7) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | — | 18.8 (17.1, 20.5) | 23.5 (22.7, 24.2) | 21.5 (19.8, 23.3) | |
| Mexico, 2006 | 1562 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 7.6 (5.9, 9.2) | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) | — | 11.1 (8.9, 13.4) | 14.3 (13.3, 15.3) | 45.8 (42.0, 49.6) | |
| Mexico, 2012 | 2454 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) | 8.4 (6.6, 10.2) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | — | 11.8 (9.4, 14.3) | 18.2 (17.4, 18.9) | 30.3 (27.3, 33.2) | |
| High | United States, 2006 | 1081 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) | 9.1 (6.8, 11.5) | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) | — | 6.1 (4.5, 7.8) | 21.4 (20.4, 22.4) | 22.9 (19.2, 26.6) |
CRP, AGP, and ferritin values are presented as geometric means (95% CIs) due to nonnormal distributions. All estimates account for survey design variables (cluster, strata, weight), except Mongolia, which followed a simple random sampling design. A dash (—) indicates the variable was unavailable in that survey. The inclusion criteria were having a BAZ or WHZ ≥ −2 SD and a negative malaria test result. AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein; BAZ, BMI-for-age z-score; BRINDA, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia; CIC, Country Income Classification; CRP, C-reactive protein; WHZ, weight-for-height z-score.
CIC was defined according to the World Bank definition for the year in which the survey was conducted (38).
Having overweight or obesity was defined as having a BAZ of ≥ 2 SD.
Any inflammation was defined as a CRP > 5 mg/L or AGP > 1 g/L.
Ferritin was measured in plasma or serum, as reported in the survey.
Iron deficiency was defined as having a serum or plasma ferritin concentration < 12 µg/L, adjusted for inflammation using the BRINDA regression correction approach (2).