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. 2022 Dec 2;13:7440. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35080-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Monochromatic far-red, red, and blue light – which are perceived by PHYA, PHYA/PHYB (PHYA/B), and CRY1/CRY2 (CRY1/2), respectively – can individually initiate anterograde signaling by blocking the accumulation and activity of PIF1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5. PHYs and CRYs inhibit PIFs either directly via physical interaction or indirectly by attenuating the activity of COP1-SPA- and COP10-DET1-containing CUL4-based E3 ubiquitin ligases, which stabilize PIFs and also EIN3/EIL1. PIFs simultaneously repress both PhANGs and PhAPGs via parallel mechanisms. While PIFs work with EIN3/EIL1 to repress PhANGs in the nucleus, PIFs alone separately control the activation of the PEP in plastids by repressing the expression of four light-inducible SIGs, SIG1, SIG3, SIG5, and SIG6. PIFs likely repress SIGs indirectly via a yet unknown PIF-induced factor X. During early seedling establishment, anterograde signaling is suppressed by a developmental signal independently of PIFs. Several dual-targeted proteins, including RCB, NCP, HMR/PAP5/pTAC12 and PAP8/pTAC6, participate in the regulation of anterograde signaling in both the nucleus and plastids.