Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the study population.

	Overall cohort (n = 11,156)		UCR ≤ 100 (n = 8,518)		UCR > 100 (n = 2,638)		p value
Age (years)	77.30	$\pm$12.03	76.28	$\pm$ 12.26	80.58	$\pm$ 10.60	0.001*
	79	(71–86)	79	(70–85)	83	(76–88)
Male	5482	(49.15%)	4553	(53.45%)	929	(35.22%)	< 0.001*
ATSI	36	(0.32%)	31	(0.36%)	5	(0.19%)	0.293
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73m2)	45.77	$\pm$ 16.55	46.05	$\pm$ 16.60	44.88	$\pm$ 16.34	0.001*
GIT Bleeding	258	(2.31%)	133	(1.56%)	125	(4.74%)	< 0.001*
Cardiac failure	1313	(11.77%)	895	(10.51%)	418	(15.85%)	< 0.001*
Hypovolaemia	385	(3.45%)	267	(3.13%)	118	(4.47%)	0.001*
Coronary artery disease	313	(2.81%)	231	(2.71%)	82	(3.11%)	0.281
Cerebrovascular disease	416	(3.73%)	352	(4.13%)	64	(2.43%)	< 0.001*
Diabetes mellitus	3566	(31.96%)	2666	(31.30%)	900	(34.12%)	0.007*
CCI score excluding age	1.57	$\pm$ 1.85	1.53	$\pm$ 1.83	1.68	$\pm$ 1.92	0.001*
Serum creatinine ($\mu$ mol/L)	136.31	$\pm$ 93.76	139.72	$\pm$ 102.92	125.27	$\pm$ 53.07	< 0.001*
Serum urea (mmol/L)	11.15	$\pm$ 6.53	9.76	$\pm$ 5.57	15.64	$\pm$ 7.32	< 0.001*
Haemoglobin (g/L)	122.97	$\pm$ 21.38	124.41	$\pm$ 21.29	118.34	$\pm$ 21.02	< 0.001*
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.53	$\pm$ 0.63	4.49	$\pm$ 0.61	4.64	$\pm$ 0.68	< 0.001*
Bicarbonate (mmol/L)	23.68	$\pm$ 3.71	23.71	$\pm$ 3.60	23.59	$\pm$ 4.03	0.030*
Sodium (mmol/L)	138.67	$\pm$ 4.26	138.64	$\pm$ 4.20	138.75	$\pm$ 4.47	0.239
Albumin (g/L)	33.75	$\pm$ 5.28	33.86	$\pm$ 5.27	33.40	$\pm$ 5.31	< 0.001*
ACEi/ARB	3860	(34.60%)	2943	(34.55%)	917	(34.76%)	0.842
Beta blocker	3709	(33.25%)	2762	(32.43%)	947	(35.90%)	0.001*
Calcium channel blocker	2380	(21.33%)	1852	(21.74%)	528	(20.02%)	0.058*
Loop diuretic	3487	(31.26%)	2446	(28.72%)	1041	(39.46%)	< 0.001*
Thiazide diuretic	1135	(10.17%)	785	(9.22%)	350	(13.27%)	< 0.001*

UCR Urea-to-Creatinine Ration; ATSI Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander; eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; GIT Gastrointestinal Tract; CCI Charlson Comorbidity Index; ACEi Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor; ARB Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker;

* Patient characteristics with a p value < 0.05 are significantly different between patient groups.