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. 2022 Dec 2;12:20827. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25254-7

Table 2.

Patient characteristics associated with elevated urea-to-creatinine ratio (UCR > 100).

Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
Odds ratio 95% CI p value Odds ratio 95% CI p value
Age ≥ 65 years 2.21 (1.95–2.50)  < 0.001* 2.04 (1.79–2.33)  < 0.001**
Male versus female 0.54 (0.50–0.58)  < 0.001* 0.56 (0.52–0.61)  < 0.001**
eGFR (per 5 mL/min per 1.73m2 reduction in eGFR) 1.02 (1.01–1.04)  < 0.001* 0.95 (0.93–0.96)  < 0.001**
Albumin 0.98 (0.98–0.99)  < 0.001* 0.99 (0.98–0.99)  < 0.001**
GIT bleeding 2.17 (1.88–2.50)  < 0.001* 2.27 (1.94–2.67)  < 0.001**
Cardiac failure 1.79 (1.62–1.98)  < 0.001* 1.36 (1.24–1.48)  < 0.001**
Hypovolaemia 1.27 (1.12–1.44)  < 0.001* 1.11 (0.96–1.27) 0.154
Acute kidney injury 1.39 (1.31–1.48)  < 0.001* 1.49 (1.37–1.62)  < 0.001**
CCI score Excluding age 1.06 (1.04–1.07)  < 0.001* 1.03 (1.01–1.05) 0.001**
Loop diuretic 1.84 (1.73–1.95)  < 0.001* 1.53 (1.43–1.65)  < 0.001**
Thiazide diuretic 1.55 (1.40–1.71)  < 0.001* 1.50 (1.35–1.67)  < 0.001**

95% CI 95% Confidence interval; eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate; GIT Gastrointestinal tract; CCI Charlson comorbidity index.

* Patient characteristics with a p value < 0.01 in univariate analysis were selected for inclusion in multivariate analysis.

** p value < 0.05 in multivariate analysis was considered statistically significant.