Table 1.

Young’s moduli (E) of natural and synthetic hydrogel-like materials.

Substrate		Measurement method	E (kPa)	Ref.
Biofilms	Natural biofilms	Shear deformation and OCT	0.036	34
		Shear deformation and microscopy	0.04	35
		Shear deformation and microscopy	0–0.1	36
	Granular biofilms	Parallel disc rheometer	12	37
Hydrogels	Alginate 2%	Uniaxial compression	460	13
	Alginate 2–5%	Uniaxial compression	250–600	14
	Alginate 2.5%	Parallel disc rheometer	30	40
	Alginate 10%	Uniaxial compression	2600–3400	13
	PVA—freeze–thaw	Tensile test	10	41
	PVA—DMSO-boric acid	Tensile test	4820–5140	38
	EPS	Rheometer	1–5	40
	Carrageenan 1.5–2.5%	Uniaxial compression	63–90	42
	Agar 1.5–2.5%	Uniaxial compression	140–260	42
	PVA-SA-BS	OCE	25.4–74.7	Figure 2