Table 1.
Demographic and diet characteristics of participants
| Pre-mix insulin regimen (n = 16) | GLP-1 RA added on basal insulin regimen (n = 16) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 59.8 [50.3, 70.1] | – | – |
| Sex, male (n,%) | 8(50) | – | – |
| Body weight (kg) | 71.5 [61.8, 84.5] | 71.5 [61.8, 84.5] | 0.500 |
| Height (cm) | 164.8 [150.5, 169.8] | – | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.0 [25.0, 30.9] | – | – |
| Duration of disease (y) | 10 [6, 14.5] | – | – |
| HbA1c (%, mmol/mol) before CGM |
9.5 [8.7, 10.9] 80.3 [71.6, 95.6] |
9.4 [8.3, 9.9] 78.7 [67.5, 85.0] |
0.099 |
| HbA1c (%, mmol/mol) after CGM |
9.4 [8.3, 9.9] 78.7 [67.5, 85.0] |
9.0 [7.8, 10.1] 74.9 [61.5, 86.6] |
0.767 |
| Difference of HbA1c (%, mmol/mol) before and after CGM |
− 0.7 [− 1.4, 0.2] − 7.7 [− 15.3, 2.2] |
0 [− 0.3, 0.3] 0 [− 3.3, 3.0] |
0.125 |
| Total daily insulin dose (U) | 50.0 [45.3, 55.8] | 25.0 [21.0, 33.0] | < 0.001a |
| Total daily insulin dose/BW (U/kg) | 0.61 [0.52, 0.82] | 0.36 [0.27, 0.43] | < 0.001a |
| Basal daily insulin dose (U) | 35.0 [30.4, 38.9] | 25.0 [21.0, 33.0] | 0.001a |
| Bolus daily insulin dose(U) | 14.5 [13.1, 16.4] | 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] | < 0.001a |
| Combined with OAD type | |||
| Metformin (N, %) | 9 (56.3) | 11(68.8) | 0.424 |
| Sitagliptin (N, %) | 4 (25) | 0 (0) | 0.012a |
| Dapagliflozin (N, %) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0) | < 0.001a |
| Acarbose (N, %) | 2 (12.5) | 2 (12.5) | 0.004a |
| Pioglitazone (N, %) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | < 0.001a |
| Glimepiride (N, %) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | < 0.001a |
| Nutrient composition (per day) | |||
| CHO (%) | 50.5 [46.0, 54.8] | 50.5 [42.0, 53.8] | 0.605 |
| CHO (g) | 158.4 [143.0, 175.6] | 143.3 [118.6, 168.3] | 0.163 |
| PRO (%) | 14.7 [13.1, 16.0] | 15.1 [13.6, 18.0] | 0.148 |
| PRO (g) | 48.4 [34.4, 60.7] | 41.5 [32.2, 58.0] | 0.569 |
| Fat (%) | 34.6 [32.1, 38.4] | 35.7 [31.6, 40.0] | 0.717 |
| Fat (g) | 48.9 [36.7, 64.1] | 45.3 [30.4, 63.3] | 0.289 |
| Average calories per day (kcal) | 1228.0 [1038.6, 1499.5] | 1231.0 [879.5, 1412.6] | 0.179 |
| Calories/ body weight (kcal/kg) | 16.6 [14.1, 21.3] | 17.0 [12.6, 19.9] | 0.215 |
| Carbohydrate (g) / body weight (kg) | 2.01 [1.88, 2.56] | 2.05 [1.58, 2.39] | 0.215 |
| PRO (g) / body weight (kg) | 0.58 [0.53, 0.86] | 0.61 [0.55, 0.79] | 0.796 |
| Fat (g) / body weight (kg) | 0.68 [0.53, 0.88] | 0.65 [0.43, 0.80] | 0.469 |
Age, body weight, height, body mass index, duration of disease, HbA1c before/after CGM, insulin dose, and nutrient composition are presented as the median [Q1, Q3]. Continuous variants were analyzed by Wilcoxon singed-rank test and nominal variants were analyzed by McNemar’s Chi-square test
GLP-1 RA Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; BMI Body mass index; HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin A1c CGM Continuous glucose monitoring; OAD Oral antidiabetic drug; CHO Carbohydrate; PRO Protein
"a denotes p value < 0.05"