Table 4.
Prevalence and Mean (± SD) Values for Sarcopenia-Related Factors Sarcopenia Category and Gender
| Female (n=826) | Male (n=581) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Sarcopenia (n=685) | Confirmed Sarcopenia (n=141) | P-value | Without Sarcopenia (n=447) | Confirmed Sarcopenia (n=134) | P-value | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age (y), Mean ± SD | 70.86±4.99 | 74.52±6.61 | <0.0001 | 71.75±5.09 | 75.13±6.76 | <0.0001 |
| Age (y), n (%) | ||||||
| 65to 69 | 329 (48.03) | 38 (26.95) | <0.0001 | 174 (38.93) | 31 (23.13) | <0.0001 |
| 70 to 74 | 209 (30.51) | 39 (27.66) | 151 (33.78) | 37 (27.61) | ||
| 75to 79 | 93 (13.58) | 29 (20.57) | 80 (17.90) | 32 (23.88) | ||
| ≥80 | 54 (7.88) | 35 (24.83) | 42 (9.40) | 34 (25.37) | ||
| Weight (kg), Mean ± SD | 61.81±8.29 | 49.67±5.73 | <0.0001 | 71.74±9.09 | 58.88±7.86 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 25.19±3.09 | 21.45±2.51 | <0.0001 | 25.66±2.93 | 21.86±2.81 | <0.0001 |
| Nutrition status (MNA), n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 19 (2.77) | 14 (9.93) | <0.0001 | 20 (4.47) | 4 (2.99) | 0.01 |
| At risk of malnutrition | 618 (90.22) | 124 (87.94) | 377 (84.34) | 126 (94.02) | ||
| Malnutrition | 48 (7.01) | 3 (2.13) | 50 (11.19) | 4 (2.99) | ||
| Cognitive status (MMSE), n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 474 (69.20) | 83 (58.87) | 0.017 | 335 (74.94) | 101 (75.37) | 0.92 |
| Cognitive impairment | 211 (30.80) | 58 (41.13) | 112 (25.06) | 33 (24.62) | ||
| Depressive status (GDS-15), n (%) | ||||||
| Normal | 612 (89.34) | 123 (87.23) | 0.47 | 430 (96.20) | 118 (88.06) | <0.0001 |
| Cognitive impairment | 73 (10.66) | 18 (12.77) | 17 (3.80) | 16 (11.94) | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics, n (%) | ||||||
| Years of education (y) | ||||||
| ≤6 | 397 (57.96) | 88 (62.41) | 0.60 | 181 (40.49) | 65 (48.51) | 0.16 |
| 7–12 | 281 (41.02) | 52 (36.88) | 245 (54.81) | 66 (49.25) | ||
| ≥13 | 7 (1.02) | 1 (0.71) | 21 (4.70) | 3 (2.24) | ||
| Smokers | ||||||
| Current smoker | 4 (0.58) | 0 (0) | 0.48 | 162 (36.24) | 60 (44.78) | 0.16 |
| Ever smoker | 3 (0.44) | 0 (0) | 132 (29.53) | 38 (28.36) | ||
| Nonsmoker | 678 (98.98) | 141 (100) | 153 (34.23) | 36 (26.87) | ||
| Drinker | ||||||
| Current drinker | 82 (11.97) | 10 (7.09) | 0.23 | 230 (51.45) | 51 (38.06) | 0.02 |
| Ever drinker | 7 (1.02) | 2 (1.42) | 86 (19.24) | 30 (22.39) | ||
| Nondrinker | 596 (87.01) | 129 (91.49) | 131 (29.31) | 53 (39.55) | ||
| Farming | 392 (57.23) | 86 (60.99) | 0.41 | 158 (35.35) | 65 (48.51) | 0.01 |
| Living alone | 105 (15.33) | 35 (24.82) | 0.006 | 60 (13.42) | 14 (10.45) | 0.37 |
| Fall history | 127 (18.54) | 33 (23.4) | 0.13 | 49 (10.96) | 24 (1.49) | 0.03 |
| CVD risk factors, n (%) | ||||||
| High waist circumference | 213 (31.09) | 38 (26.95) | 0.034 | 163 (36.47) | 37 (27.61) | 0.06 |
| High WHR | 464 (67.74) | 94 (66.67) | 0.001 | 322 (72.04) | 74 (55.22) | <0.0001 |
| High fat mass | 400 (58.38) | 59 (41.84) | <0.0001 | 343 (76.73) | 80 (59.70) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 499 (72.85) | 102 (72.34) | 0.90 | 313 (70.25) | 82 (61.19) | 0.06 |
| Diabetes | 187 (27.30) | 39 (27.66) | 0.93 | 105 (23.49) | 40 (29.85) | <0.0001 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 124 (18.10) | 29 (20.56) | 0.49 | 41 (9.17) | 10 (7.46) | 0.54 |
| Inflammatory markers, Mean ± SD | ||||||
| WBC (×109/L) | 6.13±1.44 | 6.17±1.80 | 0.99 | 6.28±1.47 | 6.25±1.68 | 0.47 |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 2.23±0.76 | 2.17±0.93 | 0.14 | 2.13±0.69 | 1.95±0.74 | 0.002 |
| Monocytes (×109/L) | 0.41±0.12 | 0.40±0.12 | 0.17 | 0.47±0.13 | 0.49±0.26 | 0.89 |
| Neutrophils (×109/L) | 3.33±1.11 | 3.43±1.29 | 0.28 | 3.50±1.08 | 3.61±1.31 | 0.50 |
| Eosinophils (×109/L) | 0.16±0.10 | 0.16±0.22 | <0.0001 | 0.20±0.22 | 0.21±0.18 | 0.20 |
| Platelet count (×109/L) | 211.57±54.08 | 204.84±54.55 | 0.31 | 188.33±48.35 | 190.77±64.18 | 0.80 |
| NLR | 1.68±1.34 | 1.75±0.84 | 0.16 | 1.80±0.85 | 2.08±1.01 | 0.01 |
| PLR | 107.01±123.53 | 104.91±40.49 | 0.54 | 95.97±36.37 | 108.27±47.85 | 0.02 |
| Physical activity and daily lifestyle activities | ||||||
| Habitual exercise, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 35 (5.11) | 5 (3.55) | 0.43 | 35 (7.83) | 4 (2.99) | 0.049 |
| No | 650 (94.89) | 136 (96.45) | 412 (92.17) | 130 (97.01) | ||
| Daily lifestyle activity, n (%) | ||||||
| Sitting time (h/d) | ||||||
| ≤4 | 578 (84.39) | 116 (82.27) | <0.0001 | 368 (82.33) | 108 (80.60) | <0.0001 |
| >4 | 107 (15.62) | 25 (17.73) | 79 (17.67) | 26 (19.40) | ||
| Sleep duration (h/d) | ||||||
| ≤7 | 365 (53.28) | 72 (51.06) | <0.0001 | 223 (49.89) | 56 (41.79) | <0.0001 |
| >7 | 320 (46.72) | 69 (48.94) | 224 (50.11) | 78 (58.21) | ||
| Housework time (h/d) | ||||||
| 0 | 62 (9.05) | 25 (17.73) | <0.0001 | 76 (17.00) | 26 (19.40) | <0.0001 |
| 0–2 | 302 (44.09) | 64 (45.39) | 201 (44.97) | 71 (52.99) | ||
| >2 | 321 (46.86) | 52 (36.88) | 170 (38.03) | 37 (27.61) | ||
| Physical activity level, n (%) | ||||||
| Low active | 318 (46.42) | 69 (48.94) | <0.0001 | 191 (42.73) | 65 (48.51) | <0.0001 |
| Moderately active | 314 (45.84) | 63 (44.68) | 224 (50.11) | 64 (47.76) | ||
| Highly active | 53 (7.74) | 9 (4.26) | 32 (7.16) | 5 (3.73) | ||
Notes: P-value: the different between without sarcopenia and confirmed sarcopenia (variable with P-value< 0.1 were included in multivariate logistic regression analysis models for sarcopenia-related factors).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; h, hour; d, day; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS-15, short form 15-items Chinese version of Geriatric Depression Scale; WHR, waist to hip circumference; WBC, white blood cell count; NLR, neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocytes ratio; w, week.