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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Sci. 2022 Jun 23;26(2):e13293. doi: 10.1111/desc.13293

Table 4.

Sensitivity to Omitted Variable Bias: Coefficients of Proportionality

Max R-square Caregiving → Reward Reward → EF Caregiving → EF
.1 0.43 - -
.2 0.20 - -
.3 0.13 - -
.7 - 0.46 0.12
.8 - 0.39 0.10
.9 - 0.34 0.09

Note: EF refers to executive functions. The reported values indicate the coefficient of proportionality for each regression model. The coefficient of proportionality indicates the proportion of bias from unobserved variables needed to nullify each result.