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. 2022 Dec 3;19:289. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02651-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — COG1410 treatment inhibited microglial activation, neutrophil infiltration, and the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β at 3 d after CCI. A Representative images of microglia (Iba1, red) surrounding the lesion sites. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 50 μm. B, C Quantitative analysis of average endpoints of Iba1-positive cells (B) and number of Iba1-positive cells (C) per HPF. HPF, high power field. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; ^#p < 0.05 vs. CCI + Vehicle, n = 6 per group. D Representative images of microglia (Iba1, red) and CD86-positive microglia (CD86, green) surrounding the lesion sites. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 100 μm. E Representative images of microglia (Iba1, red) and M2 microglia (CD206, green) surrounding the lesion sites. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 100 μm. F, G Quantitative analysis of the percentage of colocalized CD86-Iba1⁺ cells (F) and the percentage of colocalized CD206-Iba1⁺ cells (G). *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; ^#p < 0.05 vs. CCI + Vehicle, n = 6 per group. H Representative images of infiltrated neutrophils (MPO, red) surrounding the lesion sites. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 100 μm. I Quantitative analysis of MPO-positive cells per HPF. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; ^#p < 0.05 vs. CCI + Vehicle, n = 6 per group. J Representative Western blot bands of TNF-α, IL-1β, and β-Actin. K, L Quantitative analysis of TNF-α (K) and IL-1β (L) density at the lesion sites after CCI. *p < 0.05 vs. Sham; ^#p < 0.05 vs. CCI + Vehicle, n = 6 per group