Table 3.
Therapeutic approaches and prognosis status of PCa patients having BMs.
| Author | Year of publication | Type of studies | Total sample size | Treatments | Prognosis | Overall survival time after the diagnosis of BM | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sena et al. | 2021 | Case report | 1 | Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy, abiraterone, prednisone, pembrolizumab, dexamethasone, craniotomy, brain-directed radiotherapy, and docetaxel chemotherapy | Passed away | — | [36] |
| Pikis et al. | 2021 | Case series | 46 | Prostatectomy, adjuvant radiation therapy, SRS, craniotomy, WBRT, and ADTs | Passed away | 1 year and 8 months | [37] |
| Parihar et al. | 2021 | Case report | 1 | Docetaxel, cabazitaxel, enzalutamide, LuPSMA radioligand therapy, alpha therapy, and Ac-PSMA, | Survived | — | [38] |
| Hung et al. | 2021 | Retrospective study | 204 | Docetaxel, AA, enzalutamid, and cabazitaxel | — | — | [39] |
| Boxley et al. | 2021 | Retrospective study | 29 | ADTs, enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel | — | — | [40] |
| Son et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | Bicalutamide, degarelix, leuprorelin, WBRT, chemotherapy, and craniotomy | — | — | [30] |
| Shida et al. | 2020 | Case report | 3 | Bicalutamide, degarelix, brachytherapy, and WBRT | 3 passed away | 1/3/5 months | [29] |
| Ross et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | craniotomy | Survived | — | [28] |
| Nguyen et al. | 2020 | Retrospective cohort | 21 | WBRT | Passed away | 2/3/6 months | [42] |
| Marchand Crety et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | Hormone therapy, prostatic radiotherapy, docetaxel, and chemotherapy | Survived | — | [27] |
| Liu et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone and palliative care | Passed away | 5 months | [26] |
| Janda et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | Complete androgen blocking, GnRH analog, and nonsteroidal antiandrogen, chemotherapy with analgesic radiotherapy | Passed away | 1 year and 8 months | [24] |
| Bhambhvani et al. | 2020 | Retrospective cohort | 31 | Stereotactic radiosurgery and surgical resection | Passed away | 4.6/13 months | [13] |
| Aljarba et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | ADTs, surgery, and palliative care | Passed away | 43 days | [32] |
| Ahmad et al. | 2020 | Case report | 1 | Thyroxine (steroid replacement), exposure therapy, testosterone replacement, and bicalutamide, radiotherapy | Survived | — | [43] |
| Kosaka et al. | 2019 | Case report | 1 | Craniotomy and ADTs, chemotherapy | — | — | [23] |
| Kanyilmaz et al. | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 339 | WBRT and radiotherapy | Passed away | 4.5 months | [44] |
| Ishizaki et al. | 2019 | Case report | 1 | ADTs and WBRT | — | — | [22] |
| Hogan et al. | 2019 | Case report | 1 | SRS | Survived | — | [45] |
| Zanatta et al. | 2018 | Case report | 1 | Cerebellopontine angle microsurgery | Survived | — | [46] |
| Reinas et al. | 2018 | Case report | 1 | External beam radiotherapy, bicalutamide, right parietal craniotomy, and luteinizing | — | — | [47] |
| Nunno et al. | 2018 | Case report | 1 | Craniotomy | — | — | [48] |
| Jack et al. | 2018 | Case report | 1 | Zoladex, casodex, docetaxel, lupron, ketoconazole, lupron therapy, and WBRT | Passed away | 3 months | [49] |
| Campagna and Feia | 2018 | Case report | 1 | Craniotomy with biopsy and SRS | — | — | [21] |
| Watanabe et al. | 2017 | Case report | 1 | Androgen blockade therapy, denosumab, docetaxel, enzalutamide, abiraterone, and cabazitaxel | Survived | — | [20] |
| Lam et al. | 2017 | Case report | 2 | Near-total excision surgery | Survived | — | [19] |
| Chang et al. | 2017 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone, SRS, excision and orchiectomy, and left subcapsular orchiectomy | — | — | [18] |
| Guraya et al. | 2016 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone, steroid injection, levetiracetam, craniotomy, and radiation therapy | Passed away | 12 months | [50] |
| Barakat et al. | 2016 | Case report | 1 | Tumor resection, SRS, craniotomy, and ADTs | Survived | — | [17] |
| Mandaliya et al. | 2015 | Case report | 2 | Stereotactic craniotomy, WBRT, and ADTs | Survived | — | [51] |
| Hutton et al. | 2015 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone | Passed away | — | [16] |
| Gajewska et al. | 2015 | Case report | 1 | Cabazitaxel | — | — | [15] |
| Craig et al. | 2015 | Case report | 1 | Radiotherapy, ADTs, craniotomy, dexamethasone, WBRT, bicalutamide, abiraterone, and prednisone | Passed away | — | [14] |
| Hatzoglou et al. | 2014 | Retrospective cohort | 21 | — | Passed away | 2.8 months | [10] |
| Placido et al. | 2014 | Case report | 3 | Luteinizing, complete androgen blockage, bicalutamide, prostatectomy and radiation therapy, ADTs, docetaxel, abiraterone, and cabazitaxel | 2 passed away, 1 survived | — | [52] |
| Hazell et al. | 2013 | Case report | 4 | ADTs, radiation therapy, craniotomy, WBRT, docetaxel, prednisone, and zoledronic acid | Passed away | — | [53] |
| Caffo et al. | 2013 | Cohort | 9 | Castration-resistantdocetaxel-based chemotherapy, and surgery | — | — | [54] |
| Caffo et al. | 2012 | Case series | 22 | Undergone docetaxel-based treatment, surgery, WBRT, gamma knife, chemotherapy with docetaxel and mitoxantrone, and radiotherapy | 20 passed away | 4 months | [55] |
| Flannery et al. | 2010 | Case series | 10 | ADTs, WBRT, SRS, and gamma knife | 9 passed away | 2–23 months | [56] |
| Yamada et al. | 2009 | Case report | 1 | GnRH, cisplatin plus etoposide, and combined therapy with carboplatin plus irinotecan | Survived | — | [57] |
| Sweets et al. | 2009 | Case report | 1 | Chemotherapy with doxorubicin, vinblastine, nilutamide, leuprolide, prostatectomy, salvage three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, and craniotomy | Survived | — | [58] |
| Kim et al. | 2008 | Case series | 5 | Gamma knife SRS and WBRT | 4 passed away | 10 months | [59] |
| Grenader et al. | 2007 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone, phenytoin, palliative radiotherapy, antiandrogen agent, bicalutamide, subcutaneous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist goserelin, zoledronic acid, and craniotomy | Survived | — | [60] |
| Lyons et al. | 2006 | Case report | 1 | Prostatectomy, dexamethasone, phenytoin, craniotomy and resection of tumor, and external beam radiotherapy to the brain, casodex and lupron therapy | Survived | — | [61] |
| Wullich et al. | 2004 | Case report | 2 | Bilateral orchiectomy, fosfestrol, transurethral resection, craniotomy, and WBRT | Passed away | 1-2 month | [62] |
| Schoenwaelder et al. | 2004 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone, phenytoin, posterior fossa craniectomy, insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus, oral antiandrogen therapy, and palliative radiotherapy | Passed away | 4 months | [63] |
| Tremont-Lukats et al. | 2003 | Case series | 103 | Supportive care and SRS | Passed away | 1 month | [9] |
| Erasmus et al. | 2002 | Case report | 1 | Hormonal therapy(cyproterone acetate), craniotomy, and radiation therapy | Passed away | — | [64] |
| Minami et al. | 2001 | Case report | 1 | Transurethral resection of prostate, hormone therapy with goserelin acetate and flutamide, and intermittent arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin and pirarubicin | Passed away | Less than 1 month | [65] |
| Behrens et al. | 2001 | Case report | 1 | Dexamethasone, phenytoin, craniotomy | — | — | [66] |
| Garcia-Morales et al. | 2000 | Case report | 1 | chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and craniotomy | — | — | [67] |
| Fervenza et al. | 2000 | Case report | 1 | WBRT, SRS, craniotomy, and ADTs | Survived | — | [68] |
| Hayashi et al. | 1998 | Case report | 1 | Prostatectomy and craniotomy | Survived | — | [69] |
| Zhang et al. | 1997 | Case report | 1 | Prostatectomy, ifosfamide, local radiation therapy, and craniotomy | Passed away | 19 months | [70] |
| Leibman et al. | 1995 | Case report | 2 | Hormonal therapy (leuprolide and flutamide) and chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide and methotrexate), and WBRT | Passed away | — | [71] |
| Bland et al. | 1992 | Case report | 1 | Radiation therapy and bilateral orchiectomy | Survived | — | [72] |
| Lynes et al. | 1986 | Case report | 2 | WBRT, suboccipital craniotomy, bilateral orchiectomy, doxorubicin hydrochloride (adriamycin), and frontal craniotomy | 1 survived, 1 passed away | 9 months | [73] |
| Sarma et al. | 1983 | Case report | 4 | Transurethral resection and bilateral orchiectomy | Passed away | — | [74] |
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS); whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT); antiandrogen deprivation therapies (ADTs); abiraterone acetate (AA); gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).