Table 3.

Themes and sub-themes developed from literature review for coding analysis.

Theme	Sub-theme	Sample keywords/observations for coding
Organizational innovation	Resource management	Deep knowledge of their own business. Understanding of their own human, financial, technological resources, and willingness to implement.
	Innovation management	Ability to identify problems, bottlenecks, and areas to be improved. Knowing their own capacity. Allocation of resources. Implementing new ideas. Introduction of new processes.
	Motivation	Employees’ attitude towards new product launch. Employees’ attitude towards new process implementation. Staff involvement. Meeting styles. Rewards. Encouragement. Praises. Attitude to work beyond the scope.
Social capital	Internal network	Relationships between the incumbents and successors. Relationships between the management and the non-family employees. Collaboration within the business.
	External network	Relationships between the business, both management and non-family employees, and customers, suppliers, other external organizations such as educational institution, research institution, marketing agency etc.
	Shared stories	Stories of founders. Stories of incumbents. Told from older generation to the younger ones. Impact of the stories on attitude, work ethics, and perception of the business.
Ability to innovate through tradition	Deep understanding of history	Knowing their products well from the raw materials, processing, marketing, and components of the products. Knowing the territorial knowledge, or business-specific knowledge.
	Applying modern knowledge and/or technology	Ability for the business to apply new knowledge and/or technology. Linking the individuals’ education and experience with what they apply to the products. Ability for the business to give the products new meaning for both old and new customers.
Succession process	Psychological ownership	How the incumbents groom the successors into leaders. Look out for intrinsic motivation for the successors to succeed the business.
	Leadership grooming through formal and informal education	Existence of family governance. Family business structure. How the family business influences the successors’ education and work experience.
Business sustainability	Adapting through necessity	Shortage of supply. Sudden change in trends and regulations.
	Adapting through time	Change in consumer’s behavior. Technology outdated. Change in consumer’s perception.
	Adapting through crisis	Economic crisis. Raw material crisis.
	Adapting through internal and external factors	Internal: Death of family members. Conflict between family members. External: (Necessity, time, and crisis)
Communication barriers	Between working family members	What is not communicated between or within generations. Observe the difference in the content of the same topic, and the reasons for the difference.
	Between management and non-family employees	What is not communicated between the management and non-family employees. Factors for the lack of communication, both deductively and inductively.