Table 2.
Candidates under phase III/IV clinical trials
| Agent | Investigator | Mechanism | Structural category | Clinical Trial Registrations | Current stage & region | Indication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pacritinib (Vonjo) | CTI BioPharma | JAK2 inhibitor | Other molecules | NCT04404361 (Terminated) | Phase III, USA | Severe COVID-19 |
| Danoprevir Sodium (Danoprevir) | Huoshenshan Hospital | HCV protease (NS3/4A) inhibitor | Amides | NCT04345276 (Completed) | Phase IV, China | COVID-19 |
| Fostamatinib disodium (Tavalisse, Tavlesse) | Rigel Pharmaceuticals | Syk inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | NCT04629703 (Recruiting) | Phase III, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru | COVID-19 with severe ARDS |
| Apremilast (Otezla, Aplex) | Amgen, UMC Utrecht | PDE4 inhibitor | Alkaloids |
NCT04590586 (Completed) NCT02735707 (Recruiting) |
Phase III, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Russian, Germany, Japan, etc. | COVID-19 |
| Enisamium iodide (Amizon) | Joint Stock Company “Farmak”, UMC Utrecht | RdRp inhibitor | Amides | NCT04682873 (Completed) | Phase III, Ukraine, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia | COVID-19 |
| Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) | Yaounde Central Hospital | coagulation factor Xa inhibitor | Azoles |
NCT04715295 (Recruiting) NCT04394377 (Completed) |
Phase IV, Cameroon, Brazil |
COVID-19 |
| Ciclesonide (Alvesco) |
Covis Pharma S.à.r.l, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, ANRS, Emerging Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Bordeaux |
Anti-inflammation | Steroids |
NCT04377711 (Completed) NCT04870333 (Recruiting) NCT04920838 (Recruiting) NCT04356495 (Completed) |
Phase III, USA, UK, Burkina Faso, Guinea, France |
COVID-19 |
| Nitazoxanide (Alinia, Nizonide) |
Romark Laboratories L.C, University of Cape Town |
PFOR inhibitor | Azoles |
NCT04486313 (Completed) NCT04523090 (Recruiting) |
Phase III, USA, South Africa |
Mild or moderate COVID-19 |
| Camostat Mesilate (Foipan) |
Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, KU Leuven, Daewoong Pharmaceutical Co, LTD, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) |
Protease inhibitor | Other molecules |
NCT04657497 (Completed) NCT04730206 (Recruiting) NCT04713176 (Recruiting) (Active, not recruiting) |
Phase III, Japan, Belgium, Korea |
COVID-19 |
| ABX-464 (Obefazimod) | Abivax SA | RT inhibitor | Alkaloids | NCT04393038 (Terminated) |
Phase III, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain, United Kingdom |
COVID-19 |
| Emvododstat | PTC Therapeutics, Inc | VEGFA inhibitor | Alkaloids | NCT04439071 (Recruiting) | Phase III, USA, Belgium, Australia, Brazil, Colombia, France | COVID-19 |
| Tradipitant (Tradipitant) | Vanda Pharmaceuticals, Inc | NK1R inhibitor | Azoles | NCT04326426 (Unknown) | Phase III, USA | COVID-19 |
| Losmapimod | Fulcrum Therapeutics, Inc | p38-γ MAPK inhibitor | Amides | NCT04511819 (Terminated) | Phase III, USA, Brazil, Mexico, Peru | Moderate COVID-19 |
| Zavegepant (Vazegepant) | Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Inc | CGRP inhibitor | Azoles | NCT04346615 (Recruiting) | Phase III, USA | COVID-19 |
| Sabizabulin | Veru Inc | Tubulin polymerization inhibitor | Azoles |
(Active, not recruiting) NCT04388826 (Completed) |
Phase III, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Colombia, Mexico | COVID-19 |
| Opaganib (Yeliva) |
RedHill Biopharma Limited. Shaare Zedek Medical Center |
SPHK2 inhibitor | Amides |
NCT04467840 (Completed) NCT04435106 (Completed) |
Phase III, USA, Brazil, Colombia, Israel, Italy, Russian, UK, ect. | Severe COVID-19 |
| Vidofludimus calcium | Immunic AG | DHODH inhibitor | Amides | NCT04379271 (Completed) | Phase III, Bulgaria, Germany | COVID-19 |
| Tempol | Adamis Pharmaceuticals Corporation |
Coagulation factor inhibitor, Inflammatory inhibitor |
Other molecules | NCT04729595 (Recruiting) | Phase III, USA | COVID-19 |
| Apabetalone | Resverlogix Corp | BRD4 inhibitor | Alkaloids | NCT04894266 (Recruiting) | Phase III, Canada | COVID-19 |
| AZD7986 (Brensocatib) | University of Dundee | CTSC inhibitor | Amides | NCT04817332 (Completed) | Phase III, United Kingdom | COVID-19 |
| Carrimycin (Bite) | Shenyang Tonglian Group CO., Ltd | 50S ribosomal subunit inhibitor | Other molecules | NCT04672564 (Recruiting) | Phase III, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, ect. | Severe COVID-19 |
| Indomethacin (Indocid, Indocin) | Sen-Jam Pharmaceutical | Phospholipase A2 inhibitor | Alkaloids | NCT05007522 (Recruiting) |
Phase III, Nepal |
COVID-19 Respiratory |
| Brexanolone (Zulresso) | Sage Therapeutics | GABAAR modulator | Steroids | NCT04537806 (Terminated) | Phase III, USA | ARDS due to COVID-19 |
| Silymarin | F.D. Roosevelt Teaching Hospital with Policlinic Banska Bystrica | TMPRSS2 inhibitor | Flavonoids | NCT04816682 (Recruiting) |
Phase IV, Slovakia |
COVID-19 |
| Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) | Alexandria University | RdRp inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | NCT04773756 (Completed) | Phase IV, Egypt. | COVID-19 |
| Quercetin | Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia | Mpro, PLpro, and 6LU7 proteinase inhibitor | Flavonoids | NCT04468139 (Recruiting) |
Phase IV, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia |
COVID-19 |
| Luteolin | University Of Perugia |
Anti-inflammation, Antioxidant |
Flavonoids | NCT04853836 (Completed) |
Phase IV, Italy |
COVID-19 |
| EGCG (Previfenon) | MELISA Institute Genomics & Proteomics Research SpA |
ACE2 receptor inhibitor, Mpro inhibitor |
Flavonoids |
(Not yet recruiting) |
Phase III, USA | COVID-19 |
| Andrographolide |
Mahidol University, Swedish Herbal Institute AB |
PLC gamma2/ PKC inhibitor, PI3K/AKT-MAPK inhibitor |
Terpenoids |
NCT05019326 (Recruiting) NCT04847518 (Recruiting) |
Phase III, Thailand, USA | mild and asymptomatic COVID-19 |
| Cannabidiol (Epidiolex, Epidyolex) |
University of Sao Paulo, Cardiol Therapeutics Inc |
Mpro inhibitor, TMPRSS2 inhibitor CB2R inhibitor |
Terpenoids |
NCT04504877 (Completed) NCT04615949 (Recruiting) |
Phase III, Brazil, USA, Germany, Mexico | COVID-19 |
| Methylprednisolone (Medrol, Depo-Medrol, Solu-Medrol) | Cairo University | Anti-inflammation | Steroids | NCT05062681 (Recruiting) |
Phase IV, Pakistan, Italy, Bangladesh, Egypt |
COVID-19 |
| Curcumin (Curcuplex-95) | XYMOGEN | COX inhibitor | Other molecules |
(Active, not recruiting) |
Phase III, Israel | COVID-19 |
| Cholecalciferol | Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias | ACE2 receptor inhibitor | Steroids | NCT04552951 (Recruiting) |
Phase IV, Spain |
COVID-19 |
| Calcifediol | Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria del Principado de Asturias | VDR activator | Steroids | NCT04552951 (Recruiting) |
Phase IV, Spain |
COVID-19 |
| Chloroquine (Aralen) |
Tanta University, Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Emergencias Medicas e Terapia Intensiva, Medical University of Vienna |
ACE2 inhibitor Phospholipase A2 inhibitor, TLR inhibitor |
Alkaloids |
NCT04353336 (Completed) NCT04420247 (Completed) NCT04447534 (Completed) NCT04351724 (Recruiting) NCT04351295 (Completed) ect. |
Phase III, Egypt, Brazil, Austria |
COVID-19 |
| Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) |
Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, St. Francis Hospital |
ACE2 inhibitor Phospholipase A2 inhibitor, TLR inhibitor |
Alkaloids |
NCT04466540 (Completed) NCT04370782 (Completed) |
Phase IV, Brazil, Spain, Turkey, USA, Mexico |
COVID-19 |
| Amantadine (Gocovri, Symadine, Symmetrel) |
Noblewell, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre. Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 in Lublin |
Ion-channel inhibitor | Other molecules |
NCT04952519 (Recruiting) NCT04894617 (Recruiting) NCT04854759 (Recruiting) |
Phase III, Poland, Denmark |
Moderate or Severe COVID-19 |