Skip to main content
. 2022 Dec 5;7:387. doi: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8

Table 3.

Candidates under phase III/IV clinical trials

Agent Mechanism Structural category Stage & region
Desidustat HIF-PHs inhibitor Amides Phase II, Mexico
Voclosporin Calcineurin inhibitor Amides Phase II, Netherlands
Ozanimod hydrochloride S1PRs modifier Azoles Phase II, Canada
Zanubrutinib BTK inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA
Selinexor XPO1 inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA, UK, France, Austria, Israel, Spain
Tafenoquine succinate Mpro inhibitor Alkaloids Phase II, USA
Palbociclib CDK4 inhibitor, CDK6 inhibitor Amides Phase II, Germany
Rintatolimod TLR3 agonist Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase II, USA
Crocetin Enhance the oxygenation of vascular tissue Terpenoids Phase II, France
Ibrutinib BTK inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA, Italy
MIB-626 Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regulator modifier Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase II, USA
Galidesivir RdRp inhibitor Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase I, Brazil
Maraviroc CCR5 antagonist Amides Phase II, Spain, Mexico
Ambrisentan ETAR antagonist Other molecules Phase II, Spain, UK
Clevudine RdRp inhibitor Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase II, Korea
Melatonin Melatonin receptor antagonist Alkaloids Phase II, USA, Spain
Zenuzolac p38 MAPK inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA
Iloprost NF-κB inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, Denmark, Qatar
Aprepitant NK1R antagonist Azoles Phase II, USA
Poly ICLC Immune modulator, TLR3 agonist, Natural killer cells stimulant Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase I, Canada
Luminol sodium TNFα inhibitor, IL6 inhibitor Amides Phase II, USA, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain
SIR0365 RIP1 inhibitor Unknown Phase II, USA, Mexico, Pakistan
Epoprostenol sodium Platelet aggregation inhibitor, PTGIR agonist Other molecules Phase II, USA, Denmark, Qatar, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland
APX-115 NOX inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA
NLC-V-01 Mpro inhibitor Unknown Phase II, Israel
Naltrexone hydrochloride Opioid receptor μ/κ/δ family antagonist Other molecules Phase II, USA
TL-895 NTRK inhibitor Amides Phase I, USA
Estradiol ERs agonist Steroids Phase II, Qatar, USA
Liothyronine Sodium THRA agonist, THRB agonist Amides Phase II, Greece
TD-139 Gal-3 inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, UK
Methotrexate Sodium DHFR inhibitor Amides Phase II, Brazil
Nafamostat Mesilate TMPRSS2 inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, Korea, Russian
Chlorine dioxide S protein inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, USA, Argentina, Peru
Terevalefim c-Met/HGFR agonist Azoles Phase II, Brazil
Masitinib mesylate PDGFR inhibitor, FGFR3 antagonist, KIT inhibitor Amides Phase II, France, Russia
Uproleselan SELE inhibitor Amides Phase II, USA
Alisporivir CYPB inhibitor, CYPA inhibitor Amides Phase II, France
Hydrogen peroxide Peroxide and oxidizing agent, Induction of the innate antiviral inflammatory response Other molecules Phase II, USA
Asapiprant PTGDR antagonist Azoles Phase II, USA, Argentina, Brazil
IB-MECA ADORA3 agonist Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase II, Bulgaria Romania, Israel
Danicopan CFD inhibitor Amides Phase II, USA
Dactolisib mTOR-PI3K-AKT pathway inhibitor Alkaloids Phase II, USA
Pentarlandir™ UPPTA Mpro inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, USA
Ensifentrine PDE3 inhibitor, PDE4 inhibitor Amides Phase II, USA
Cenicriviroc mesylate CCR2 antagonist, CCR5 antagonist Amides Phase II, Germany
Ebselen Mpro inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA
Estetrol Selective estrogen receptor modulator Steroids Phase II, Belgium, Hungary, Poland, Russia
Dalcetrapib CETP inhibitor, HDL cholesterol stimulant Amides Phase II, Canada
Arformoterol/ budesonide ADRB2 agonist, GR agonist Steroids Phase II, Brazil
Trans-Sodium Crocetinate Oxygen compounds modifier Terpenoids Phase II, Romania
Quercetin Free radical scavenger, Mpro inhibitor, PLpro inhibitor Flavonoids Phase II, France, USA
Avasopasem Superoxide dismutase stimulantor Other molecules Phase II, USA
Apilimod mesylate IL12 inhibitor Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase II, USA
Emricasan Apoptosis inhibitor, CASP inhibitor Amides Phase I, USA
RP-7214 DHODH inhibitor Unknown Phase II, India
VGX-1027 p38 MAPK inhibitor, immunosuppressant, Cytokine inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA, Bulgaria, Korea, North Macedonia, Puerto Rico
Nezulcitinib JAK inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, USA, UK, Brazil, Finland, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine
VB-201 TLR2 antagonist Other molecules Phase II, Israel
Deupirfenidone Cytokine inhibitor, Collagen inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Moldova, Philippines, Romania, Ukraine, UK
Razuprotafib PTP1B inhibitor, TIE2 antagonist Amides Phase II, USA
OP-101 Free radical inhibitor Amides Phase II, USA
Zotatifin EIF4A1 inhibitor Other molecules Phase I, USA
Lufotrelvir Mpro inhibitor Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase I, USA, Belgium, Brazil, Spain
Fenretinide Anti-inflammatory; Antiviral Terpenoids Phase II, Canada, USA
Dapansutrile NLRP3 inhibitor, Interleukin inhibitor, Inflammasome inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, USA, Netherlands, Switzerland
Brilacidin Membrane permeability enhancer Amides Phase II, USA, Russia
Bexotegrast ITGAV&ITGB1 inhibitor, ITGAV&ITGB6 antagonist Other molecules Phase II, USA
Enpatoran TLR7 antagonist, TLR8 antagonist Other molecules Phase II, USA, Brazil, Philippines
STC3141 Neutralize NETs/histone Unknown Phase II. Belgium
PJS 539 Viral uptake and replication inhibitor Unknown Phase II, Brazil
Ezurpimtrostat Autophagy inhibitor, Apoptotic stimulant Other molecules Phase II, France
EC-18 CD4 agonist, CD8 stimulant Other molecules Phase II, USA, Korea
UNII-V2YK90BZ31 Immune modulator, HMOX1 inhibitor, Virus replication inhibitor Other molecules Phase I, Egypt
Metformin glycinate PRKAB1 activator, Insulin sensitizer Other molecules Phase II, Mexico
ADX-629 Malondialdehyde inhibitor Alkaloids Phase II, USA
Bemcentinib AXL inhibitor Azoles Phase II, USA
Sinapultide Membrane permeability enhancer Amides Phase II, USA, Argentina
Brequinar Sodium DHODH inhibitor Alkaloids Phase II, India, USA
Telacebec Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitor, Bacterial growth regulator, Electron transport complex III inhibitor Amides Phase II, South Africa
Compound name Mechanism Classification of category Stage & region
CNM-ZnAg Unknown mechanism of action Other molecules Phase II, Brazil
MRG001 CXCR4 antagonist, Calcineurin inhibitor, BMPR2 modifier, Cytokines inhibitor Unknown Phase II, USA
Silmitasertib CK II inhibitor Other molecules Phase II, USA
EDP 235 Mpro inhibitor Unknown Phase I, USA
INNA 051 Immune stimulant, TLR2 agonist, TLR6 agonist Amides Phase II, USA
Idronoxil SPK 1 inhibitor, SPHK2 inhibitor Flavonoids Phase I, Moldova
PHR-160 CFTR activator Unknown Phase I, Iran
Ribavirin RdRp inhibitor Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs Phase I, USA, Greece, Mexico
AV-001 Unknown mechanism of action Amides Phase I, USA