Table 3.
Candidates under phase III/IV clinical trials
| Agent | Mechanism | Structural category | Stage & region |
|---|---|---|---|
| Desidustat | HIF-PHs inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, Mexico |
| Voclosporin | Calcineurin inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, Netherlands |
| Ozanimod hydrochloride | S1PRs modifier | Azoles | Phase II, Canada |
| Zanubrutinib | BTK inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA |
| Selinexor | XPO1 inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA, UK, France, Austria, Israel, Spain |
| Tafenoquine succinate | Mpro inhibitor | Alkaloids | Phase II, USA |
| Palbociclib | CDK4 inhibitor, CDK6 inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, Germany |
| Rintatolimod | TLR3 agonist | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase II, USA |
| Crocetin | Enhance the oxygenation of vascular tissue | Terpenoids | Phase II, France |
| Ibrutinib | BTK inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA, Italy |
| MIB-626 | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide regulator modifier | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase II, USA |
| Galidesivir | RdRp inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase I, Brazil |
| Maraviroc | CCR5 antagonist | Amides | Phase II, Spain, Mexico |
| Ambrisentan | ETAR antagonist | Other molecules | Phase II, Spain, UK |
| Clevudine | RdRp inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase II, Korea |
| Melatonin | Melatonin receptor antagonist | Alkaloids | Phase II, USA, Spain |
| Zenuzolac | p38 MAPK inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA |
| Iloprost | NF-κB inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, Denmark, Qatar |
| Aprepitant | NK1R antagonist | Azoles | Phase II, USA |
| Poly ICLC | Immune modulator, TLR3 agonist, Natural killer cells stimulant | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase I, Canada |
| Luminol sodium | TNFα inhibitor, IL6 inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, USA, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain |
| SIR0365 | RIP1 inhibitor | Unknown | Phase II, USA, Mexico, Pakistan |
| Epoprostenol sodium | Platelet aggregation inhibitor, PTGIR agonist | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, Denmark, Qatar, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland |
| APX-115 | NOX inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA |
| NLC-V-01 | Mpro inhibitor | Unknown | Phase II, Israel |
| Naltrexone hydrochloride | Opioid receptor μ/κ/δ family antagonist | Other molecules | Phase II, USA |
| TL-895 | NTRK inhibitor | Amides | Phase I, USA |
| Estradiol | ERs agonist | Steroids | Phase II, Qatar, USA |
| Liothyronine Sodium | THRA agonist, THRB agonist | Amides | Phase II, Greece |
| TD-139 | Gal-3 inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, UK |
| Methotrexate Sodium | DHFR inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, Brazil |
| Nafamostat Mesilate | TMPRSS2 inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, Korea, Russian |
| Chlorine dioxide | S protein inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, Argentina, Peru |
| Terevalefim | c-Met/HGFR agonist | Azoles | Phase II, Brazil |
| Masitinib mesylate | PDGFR inhibitor, FGFR3 antagonist, KIT inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, France, Russia |
| Uproleselan | SELE inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, USA |
| Alisporivir | CYPB inhibitor, CYPA inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, France |
| Hydrogen peroxide | Peroxide and oxidizing agent, Induction of the innate antiviral inflammatory response | Other molecules | Phase II, USA |
| Asapiprant | PTGDR antagonist | Azoles | Phase II, USA, Argentina, Brazil |
| IB-MECA | ADORA3 agonist | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase II, Bulgaria Romania, Israel |
| Danicopan | CFD inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, USA |
| Dactolisib | mTOR-PI3K-AKT pathway inhibitor | Alkaloids | Phase II, USA |
| Pentarlandir™ UPPTA | Mpro inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA |
| Ensifentrine | PDE3 inhibitor, PDE4 inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, USA |
| Cenicriviroc mesylate | CCR2 antagonist, CCR5 antagonist | Amides | Phase II, Germany |
| Ebselen | Mpro inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA |
| Estetrol | Selective estrogen receptor modulator | Steroids | Phase II, Belgium, Hungary, Poland, Russia |
| Dalcetrapib | CETP inhibitor, HDL cholesterol stimulant | Amides | Phase II, Canada |
| Arformoterol/ budesonide | ADRB2 agonist, GR agonist | Steroids | Phase II, Brazil |
| Trans-Sodium Crocetinate | Oxygen compounds modifier | Terpenoids | Phase II, Romania |
| Quercetin | Free radical scavenger, Mpro inhibitor, PLpro inhibitor | Flavonoids | Phase II, France, USA |
| Avasopasem | Superoxide dismutase stimulantor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA |
| Apilimod mesylate | IL12 inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase II, USA |
| Emricasan | Apoptosis inhibitor, CASP inhibitor | Amides | Phase I, USA |
| RP-7214 | DHODH inhibitor | Unknown | Phase II, India |
| VGX-1027 | p38 MAPK inhibitor, immunosuppressant, Cytokine inhibitor, NF-κB inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA, Bulgaria, Korea, North Macedonia, Puerto Rico |
| Nezulcitinib | JAK inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, UK, Brazil, Finland, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine |
| VB-201 | TLR2 antagonist | Other molecules | Phase II, Israel |
| Deupirfenidone | Cytokine inhibitor, Collagen inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Moldova, Philippines, Romania, Ukraine, UK |
| Razuprotafib | PTP1B inhibitor, TIE2 antagonist | Amides | Phase II, USA |
| OP-101 | Free radical inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, USA |
| Zotatifin | EIF4A1 inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase I, USA |
| Lufotrelvir | Mpro inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase I, USA, Belgium, Brazil, Spain |
| Fenretinide | Anti-inflammatory; Antiviral | Terpenoids | Phase II, Canada, USA |
| Dapansutrile | NLRP3 inhibitor, Interleukin inhibitor, Inflammasome inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, Netherlands, Switzerland |
| Brilacidin | Membrane permeability enhancer | Amides | Phase II, USA, Russia |
| Bexotegrast | ITGAV&ITGB1 inhibitor, ITGAV&ITGB6 antagonist | Other molecules | Phase II, USA |
| Enpatoran | TLR7 antagonist, TLR8 antagonist | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, Brazil, Philippines |
| STC3141 | Neutralize NETs/histone | Unknown | Phase II. Belgium |
| PJS 539 | Viral uptake and replication inhibitor | Unknown | Phase II, Brazil |
| Ezurpimtrostat | Autophagy inhibitor, Apoptotic stimulant | Other molecules | Phase II, France |
| EC-18 | CD4 agonist, CD8 stimulant | Other molecules | Phase II, USA, Korea |
| UNII-V2YK90BZ31 | Immune modulator, HMOX1 inhibitor, Virus replication inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase I, Egypt |
| Metformin glycinate | PRKAB1 activator, Insulin sensitizer | Other molecules | Phase II, Mexico |
| ADX-629 | Malondialdehyde inhibitor | Alkaloids | Phase II, USA |
| Bemcentinib | AXL inhibitor | Azoles | Phase II, USA |
| Sinapultide | Membrane permeability enhancer | Amides | Phase II, USA, Argentina |
| Brequinar Sodium | DHODH inhibitor | Alkaloids | Phase II, India, USA |
| Telacebec | Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibitor, Bacterial growth regulator, Electron transport complex III inhibitor | Amides | Phase II, South Africa |
| Compound name | Mechanism | Classification of category | Stage & region |
| CNM-ZnAg | Unknown mechanism of action | Other molecules | Phase II, Brazil |
| MRG001 | CXCR4 antagonist, Calcineurin inhibitor, BMPR2 modifier, Cytokines inhibitor | Unknown | Phase II, USA |
| Silmitasertib | CK II inhibitor | Other molecules | Phase II, USA |
| EDP 235 | Mpro inhibitor | Unknown | Phase I, USA |
| INNA 051 | Immune stimulant, TLR2 agonist, TLR6 agonist | Amides | Phase II, USA |
| Idronoxil | SPK 1 inhibitor, SPHK2 inhibitor | Flavonoids | Phase I, Moldova |
| PHR-160 | CFTR activator | Unknown | Phase I, Iran |
| Ribavirin | RdRp inhibitor | Nucleoside/ Nucleotide Analogs | Phase I, USA, Greece, Mexico |
| AV-001 | Unknown mechanism of action | Amides | Phase I, USA |