TABLE 5.
Representative antidiabetic alkaloids.
| Bioactive metabolites | Detail | Cell lines/model | Dose | Negative/positive control | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berberine | Increased the expression of antioxidant enzyme mRNA, increased the content of antioxidant enzymes | STZ/HFD-induced diabetic rats | 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg | — | 16 weeks | Zhou and Zhou, (2011) |
| Possessed antioxidant efffect via a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner | NSC34 neuronal cells | 0.1–10 nM | — | 24 h | Hsu et al. (2012) | |
| Exerted anti-inflammatory via AMPK and Nrf2 pathways | RAW 264.7 cells | 5 μM | — | 2 h | Mo et al. (2014) | |
| LPS-induced mice | 10 mg/kg | — | 6 h | |||
| Reduced transcription factors and inhibit gluconeogenesis | STZ/HFD-induced diabetic rats | 380 mg/kg | NC: PBS | 5 weeks | Xia et al. (2011) | |
| Inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis by upregulating the mRNA and protein expression of HNF-4α | Rat pancreatic islets | 1, 3, 10, and 30 μM | PC: Glibenclamide (1 μM) | 24 h | Wang et al. (2008) | |
| Reduced of IR through the phosphorylation of InsR and its IRS-1 | db/db mice | 100 mg/kg | PC: Rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg) | 2 weeks | Chen et al. (2010) | |
| Improved IR via stimulation of AMPK activity | H9c2 cells | 3.125–100 μM | — | 30 min, 12 h | Chang et al. (2013) | |
| Increased the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 mRNA | NAFLD rats | 187.5 mg/kg | PC: Pioglitazone (10 mg/kg) | 4 weeks | Xing et al. (2011) | |
| Stimulated GLP-1 secretion to promote insulin secretion and improve β-cell function | STZ-induced diabetic rats | 120 mg/kg | — | 5 weeks | Yu et al. (2010) | |
| Betaine | Reduced endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress | db/db mice | 1 g betaine/100 g diet | — | — | Jung G. Y et al. (2013) |
| Inhibited activation of NF-κB | SD Rats | 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg | — | 10 days | Go et al. (2005) | |
| Increased activated AMPK | High-sucrose diet-fed rats | 1% (wt/vol) | — | 16 weeks | Song et al. (2007) | |
| Matrine | Elevated NO levels and eNOS activity, and upregulated ROS production | Ox-LDL-induced HUVECs | 5, 20, and 80 μM | — | 12 h | Zhang et al. (2019) |
| Reduced TNF-α and IL-6, while elevating IL-10 levels | HFD-induced diabetic mice | 0.5, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg | — | 12 weeks | ||
| Ameliorated glucose and lipid metabolism through the suppression of ER stress and regulation of PK2/PKRs pathway | STZ/HFD-induced diabetic mice | 40 mg/kg | — | 8 weeks | Zhang et al. (2022) | |
| Elevated GLP-1 protein expression | STZ/HFD -induced diabetic mice | 0.5, 2.5, and 10 mg/kg | — | 6 weeks | Zhang et al. (2019) |