TABLE 1.
A summary of the main molecular findings and their potential implications in PEVs.
| Molecular cargo | Type of PEV | Physiological functions/Pathological role | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| (HLA)-G5, B7-H1 and B7-H3 | Placental exosomes | Immune tolerance. Dysregulation of HLA components are related to different obstetric complications | Kshirsagar et al. (2012) |
| miR-29a-3p | Placental exosomes | Enhanced expression of PDL-1 and M2 polarization in normal pregnancies | Bai et al. (2022) |
| NKGD2 ligands (i.e. ULBP and MIC-A and B | Placental exosomes | Immunosupressive role on NK cells | Hedlund et al. (2009) |
| miR-517a-3p | Placental exosomes | Targeting of PRKG1 in NK cells | Kambe et al. (2014) |
| PDL-1, PDL-2, TRAIL and FasL | Placental exosomes | Immunomodulatory effects in different populations | Mincheva-Nilsson, (2021) |
| TGF-β1 and IL-10 | Placental microvesicles | Modulation of caspase 3 activity in CD56dim NK cells | Nardi et al. (2016) |
| IL-1β | Placental microvesicles | More abundant in placental microvesicles during the first trimester or under pathological conditions | Holder et al. (2012) |
| miRNA members of the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster | Placental exosomes | Attenuate viral replication in recipient cells by the induction of autophagy | Delorme-Axford et al. (2013); Bayer et al. (2015)) |
| PLAP | Placental exosomes and MVs | Marker of PEVs; Transfer of maternal IgG to the fetus at the placenta surface and stimulate DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in fetal fibroblasts. There is a direct correlation between (PLAP + ve ratio) and birth weight percentile. Reduced PLAP + ve ratio is associated with different obstetric complications. A single case report found a dramatic increase of PLAP associated with preterm birth | Dragovic et al. (2015); Jin and Menon, (2018); Miranda et al. (2018) |
| Goswamia et al. (2006); Orozco et al. (2009); Chen et al. (2012); Pillay et al. (2016) | |||
| Gilbert et al. (2008) | |||
| Miranda et al. (2018) | |||
| Ferianec and Linhartova, (2011) | |||
| Eng and Flt-1 | Placental exosomes and MVs | Reduced bioavailability of VEGF abnd PlGF in preeclampsia | Tannetta et al. (2013) |
| sFlt-1 | Syncytial nuclear aggregates | increased syncytial knots and systemic vascular injury in preeclampsia | Rajakumar et al. (2012); Buurma et al. (2013) |
| TFPI | Microvesicles | Enhanced bioavailability of TF and procoagulant activity in women with preeclampsia | Aharon et al. (2009) |
| TF | Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles | Altered hemostasis in preeclamptic women | Gardiner et al. (2011) |
| mucin-1 | Not specified | Impairs EVT invasion and integrin signaling in preeclampsia | Shyu et al. (2011); Tannetta et al. (2017) |
| Integrins | Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles | Decreased in preeclampsia | Baig et al. (2014) |
| syncytin- 1 and -2 | Placental exosomes | Syncytin 2 is decreased in placental exosomes of women with preeclampsia, affecting to their internalization | Vargas et al. (2011); Vargas et al. (2014) |
| miR-155 | Placental exosomes | Decrease NO production and eNOS in primary HUVECs | Shen et al. (2018) |
| miR-141 | Placental exosomes | Augmented in preeclampsia; Induction of T cell proliferation | Ospina-Prieto et al. (2016) |
| miR‐548c‐5p | Placental exosomes | Downregulation of expression of this miRNA alters macrophage behavior and promote the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12, TNF‐α and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB | Wang et al. (2019) |
| HMGB1 | Syncytial nuclear aggregates | Increased in preeclampsia Proinflammatory actions in preeclamptic women | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| PP13 | Not specified | Reductions of this protein is associated with aberrant immunopathological mechanisms | Sammar et al. (2018) |
| hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-486-1-5p and hsa-miR-486-2-5p, circular DNA | Placental exosomes | Elevated in preeclampsia, being evaluated as potential diagnostic markers | Gillet et al. (2019) |
| CAMK2β, PAPP-A | Not specified | Insulin signaling and glucose metabolic routes | Jayabalan et al. (2019a) |
| DDPIV | Greater levels and activity in placental extracellular vesicles in women with gestational diabetes, modulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion | Kandzija et al. (2019) | |
| miR-520a-5p | Not specified | Downregulated in women suffering preeclampsia and gestational hypertension and who later developed FGR | Hromadnikova et al. (2019) |